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INSERT INTO `wps_blog` VALUES (8,'2020-10-07 14:46:59','2020-06-22','Aspects of Indian Copyright Act','aspects-of-indian-copyright-act','Mayank Grover','Our Firm’s Partner, Mayank Grover recently conducted a webinar on ‘Aspects of Indian Copyright Act’ which saw overwhelming participation by industry delegates, lawyers and students.','<p><iframe frameborder=\"0\" height=\"749\" src=\"https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/e/2PACX-1vSDypu6rOXiJXDHrDYDnh5D5NOPF1PLM4DpiP07KPijaqWpV_y0L12IY4DKCktaaOmZbbKwMetwPp4E/embed?start=false&amp;loop=false&amp;delayms=3000\" width=\"1280\"></iframe></p>\n','','1663938731.jpg','',5,'1'),(9,'2020-10-07 14:51:26','2020-06-12','Interim directions of Supreme Court for payment of wages','interim-directions-of-supreme-court-for-payment-of-wages','Mayank Grover','In the dispute pending before the Supreme Court of India regarding payment of wages to workers/employees, the Supreme Court has passed a slew of interim measures, which may be considered by all private establishments / industries / employers to settle the disputes through negotiations and in the event.','<p>In the dispute pending before the Supreme Court of India regarding payment of wages to workers/employees, the Supreme Court has passed a slew of interim measures, which may be considered by all private establishments / industries / employers to settle the disputes through negotiations and in the event, a settlement is arrived at, it may be acted upon by the employers and workers irrespective of the order dated 29.03.2020 issued by the Government of India under the Disaster Management Act, 2005.</p>\n\n<h2>Background:</h2>\n\n<p>The Central Government had issued orders, inter alia, dated 20.03.2020 and 29.03.2020 under the Disaster Management Act, 2005 (&ldquo;DMA&rdquo;) directing the employers in the private sector to make payment of wages to employees for the period the establishments were under closure due to the lockdown.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>The order dated 29.03.2020 subsequently stood withdrawn vide order dated 17.05.2020 by the National Executive Committee under the DMA. Consequently, the order dated 29.03.2020 remained subsistence for a period of 50 days and the employers are under statutory obligation to pay wages for the said period of 50 days. These orders have been challenged by employers in various writ petitions before the Supreme Court of India. Vide order dated 12.06.2020 passed in the said writ petitions, the Supreme Court has passed a slew of interim measures, which may be considered by private organizations to settle the disputes regarding payment of wages.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2>Interim measures directed by the Supreme Court on 12.06.2022:</h2>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>All private establishments, industries, employers willing to negotiate and settle dispute of payment of wages for the period during which the establishment was closed due to the lockdown, may negotiate with the employee organizations and enter into a settlement;</li>\n	<li>In case they are unable to settle on their own, the concerned labour authorities may assist in reaching a settlement, upon a request for negotiation made by the employer;</li>\n	<li>The organizations functioning partially during the lockdown although not to their full capacity may also negotiate in terms of the aforesaid directions;</li>\n	<li>The employees willing to work shall be permitted to do so without prejudice to the pendency of the dispute regarding payment of wages for the period of lockdown;</li>\n	<li>The employers who take steps to negotiate and settle the dispute shall publicise and communicate the steps taken to workers and employees for their response/participation. If any settlement is arrived at, the same shall be without prejudice to the rights of the employers and employees adjudication in the said writ petitions;</li>\n	<li>Any settlement entered between the parties in pursuance to the above shall be informed to the Supreme Court by way of an affidavit in the pending writ petitions.&nbsp;</li>\n</ul>\n','1663939795.jpg','1663938715.jpg','',6,'1'),(10,'2020-10-07 16:04:41','2020-04-25','Insurance Alert- IRDAI Circular dated April 16, 2020','insurance-alert-irdai-circular-dated-april-16-2020','Mayank Grover','The Employees’ State Insurance (ESI) Act, 1948 prescribes medical insurance to those organised sector employees whose monthly wage is Rs.21,000/- or less. Pursuant to the Ministry of Home Affairs Directive dated April 15, 2020 medical insurance has been made mandatory for all employees meaning thereby that even those employees in the salary bracket exceeding Rs.21,000/- will be entitled for a group medical cover from their employers.','<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Circular issued by IRDAI dated April 16, 2020 pursuant to Guidelines issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs on April 15, 2020 prescribing medical insurance coverage for all employees</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Employees&rsquo; State Insurance (ESI) Act, 1948 prescribes medical insurance to those organised sector employees whose monthly wage is Rs.21,000/- or less. Pursuant to the Ministry of Home Affairs Directive dated April 15, 2020 medical insurance has been made mandatory for all employees meaning thereby that even those employees in the salary bracket exceeding Rs.21,000/- will be entitled for a group medical cover from their employers. As per the IRDAI Circular dated April 16, 2020, this medical cover will extend not only for the duration of the lockdown due to the Covid-19 pandemic but for all times henceforth.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) vide a circular dated April 15, 2020 has advised all General and stand along Health Insurers, except AIC and ECGC to formulate health Insurance policies providing medical insurance coverage for all employees as part of the National Directives issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs on April 15, 2020 to all industrial and commercial establishments for implementation of Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) [Annexure 2, Clause No. 5] before resuming their operations during/after the present lockdown.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">All General and Health Insurance companies have been advised to offer comprehensive health insurance policies either to individuals or groups in order to enable the listed organisations/ employers establishments to comply with the said directions.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Insurers have been advised to devise comprehensive health insurance products in simple language and conditions and at affordable cost to be offered to the aforesaid organisations.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The said organisations are required to continue the Medical Insurance Policy by insurers not only for the present situation but for all times henceforth.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Our View: </strong>The Employees&rsquo; State Insurance (ESI) Act, 1948 prescribes medical insurance to those organised sector employees whose monthly wage is Rs. 21,000/- or less. Pursuant to the Ministry of Home Affairs Directive dated April 15, 2020 medical insurance has been made mandatory for all employees meaning thereby that even those employees in the salary bracket exceeding Rs. 21,000/- will be entitled for a group medical cover from their employers. This medical cover will extend not only for the duration of the lockdown due to the Covid-19 pandemic but for all times henceforth.&nbsp;</p>\n','1663938867.jpg','16639388671.jpg','',7,'1'),(6,'2020-10-06 13:10:45','2021-04-13','What is a writ and what are the types of writs in Indian Constitution?','what-is-a-writ-and-what-are-the-types-of-writs-in-indian-constitution','Mayank Grover','Collection of textile samples lay spread out on the table Samsa was a travelling salesman and above it there hung a picture that he had recently cut out of an illustrated...','<p>Normally, when the cheque is deposited in the bank by anybody, the bank makes a payment for the amount written on the cheque by debiting the amount from the bank account of the payer. But in some cases, the cheque is returned to the payee. This is known as dishonouring of the cheque. In other words, it is also known as a returned cheque or a bounced cheque. Following are the reasons for dishonouring of cheques:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Insufficient funds: When there is insufficient balance in the bank account of the payer.&nbsp;</li>\n<li>Stale cheque: When the cheque has expired, i.e., the date goes beyond the validity period of the cheque which is for three months.</li>\n<li>Post-dated cheque: When the cheque is deposited in the bank earlier to the date mentioned on it.</li>\n<li>Mutilated cheque: When the cheque is damaged by fire, water, ink, paint, etc. or some piece on the cheque is found missing.</li>\n<li>Crossed to two bank accounts: When there are more than two special crossings found in the cheques which indicates that the cheque is in the favour of two banks.</li>\n<li>Property not marked: When the seal of a firm is missing in case of the cheques drawn by the firms.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Act of dishonouring of cheques due to insufficient balance in the bank account of the payer is a criminal offence under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the payer that he/she should keep his/her bank account funded with the sufficient balance to avoid cheque bouncing.</p>\n<p><strong>Seraphic Advisors</strong>&nbsp;is one of the&nbsp;<strong>best banking and finance law firms in Delhi</strong>. We have handled many cases related to the dishonouring of cheques. Our highly-qualified&nbsp;<strong>banking and finance lawyers</strong>&nbsp;provide the best-in-class legal help to both payer and payee such cases. Contact us if you are facing such an issue.</p>\n<h2>WHAT IS THE NEXT STEP?</h2>\n<p>One question that arises in the minds of payees. Can a bounced cheque be resubmitted again in the bank? The answer is yes. After the dishonouring of the cheque, the payee can request the payer to submit the desired amount in his bank so that the payee can resubmit the cheque in the bank again.</p>\n<p>What if the cheque is bounced again? In this case, the payee can take legal action against the payer.</p>\n<h2>WRITTEN NOTICE TO THE PAYER</h2>\n<p>After the dishonouring of the cheque, the payee has to send a legal notice to the payer stating him to pay the desired amount within 15 days. This is the first step that a payee should take after cheque bouncing. A legal notice should be sent within the 30 days of the acknowledgement of cheque return memo.</p>\n<p>Our experienced lawyers and advocates know all rules and regulations of&nbsp;<strong>banking and finance act in India</strong>, hence, provide the best approach to the clients to send a legal notice. Contact us for&nbsp;<strong>money recovering issues</strong>. We have solved many cases related to cheque dishonouring.</p>\n<h2>COMPLAINT PROCEDURE</h2>\n<p>The payee can file a complaint against the payer by an affidavit. The documents submitted by the payee will be examined by the concerned MM (Metropolitan Magistrate). Once the commission is confirmed, the MM issues the summons for hearing of the case in the court.&nbsp;<strong>Seraphic Advisors</strong>&nbsp;has settled many issues related to cheque bouncing in India. Our&nbsp;<strong>banking and finance advocates</strong>&nbsp;have extensive experience. They know how to present these types of cases in the courtroom to assure success.</p>\n<h2>PUNISHMENT AND PENALTY</h2>\n<p>If the payer is found guilty in the court, the Magistrate a sentence of imprisonment of 1 to 2 years or a fine exceeding Rs. 5000. Even the issuing bank has the right to restrain the facility of issuing the cheque book to the convicted or can close his/her account.</p>\n<h2>ABOUT SERAPHIC ADVISORS</h2>\n<p><strong>Seraphic Advisors</strong>&nbsp;is the leading&nbsp;<strong>banking and finance law firm in Delhi</strong>. We take pride to have the&nbsp;<strong>best banking and finance lawyers in Delhi</strong>. We have been operating as a legal firm for many years. In our long journey, we have settled many disputes related to the dishonouring of cheques. If you are facing such a problem, you can contact us.</p>','1601970046.jpg',NULL,'',1,'0'),(4,'2020-10-06 13:09:05','2020-09-06','Data privacy regime in India','webinar-on-data-privacy-regime-india','Mayank Grover','','','1663939028.jpg','','https://www.youtube.com/embed/0j9oueb4nYI',3,'1'),(14,'2022-07-05 11:12:17','2020-07-29','Consumer Protection (E-commerce) Rules 2020','e-commerce-rules','Mayank Grover','The Ministry of Consumer Affairs has notified the Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules 2020 (‘Rules’) on July 23, 2020. The Rules have been framed to act against unfair trade practices in e-commerce and to protect the interest of consumers in accordance with Section 94 of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.','<p>The Ministry of Consumer Affairs has notified the Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules 2020 (&lsquo;Rules&rsquo;) on July 23, 2020. The Rules have been framed to act against unfair trade practices in e-commerce and to protect the interest of consumers in accordance with Section 94 of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.</p>\n\n<h2>Scope and Applicability&nbsp;</h2>\n\n<p>An e-commerce entity has been defined to mean any person who owns, operates or manages a digital or electronic facility or platform for electronic commerce, but does not include a seller offering his goods or services for sale on a marketplace e-commerce entity. These Rules shall also apply to an e-commerce entity which is not established in India, The Rules provide for the duties and liabilities of e-commerce entities, sellers or marketplace and inventory e-commerce entities.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2>The Rules shall apply to:</h2>\n\n<ol>\n	<li>all goods and services bought or sold over digital or electronic network including digital products.</li>\n	<li>all models of e-commerce, including marketplace and inventory models of e-commerce.&nbsp;</li>\n	<li>all e-commerce retail, including multi-channel single brand retailers in single or multiple formats; and</li>\n	<li>all forms of unfair trade practices across all models of e-commerce.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<h2>Key provisions</h2>\n\n<ol>\n	<li>E-commerce entities shall facilitate easy returns, address customer grievances and appoint a grievance offer for customer grievance redressal. The grievance officer has to acknowledge the receipt of any consumer complaint within 48 hours and redress the complaint within one month from the date of receipt.&nbsp;</li>\n	<li>E-commerce entities are also required to provide a ticket number for each complaint lodged, through which the consumer can track the status of the complaint.&nbsp;</li>\n	<li>E-commerce entities should not impose cancellation charges or consumers cancelling orders after confirming purchase, unless e-commerce entities are ready to pay similar charges in case of cancellation of orders from their side.&nbsp;</li>\n	<li>Sellers offering goods and services through a marketplace e-commerce entity will have to provide the below details to the e-commerce entity to be displayed on its platform or website:\n	<ul>\n		<li>Break-up price of all goods and services offered for sale, viz. delivery charges, postage and handling charges, conveyance charges and the applicable tax;</li>\n		<li>All mandatory notices and information provided by applicable laws, and the expiry date of the goods being offered for sale;</li>\n		<li>All relevant details about goods and services offered by the seller including country of origin;</li>\n		<li>Name and contact details of the grievance offer for consumer grievance redressal.</li>\n	</ul>\n	</li>\n	<li>Inventory e-commerce entities shall provide information to its users with respect to, inter alia, return, refund, exchange, warranty and guarantee, delivery and shipment, mode of payment, cost of return shipping and grievance redressal mechanism.&nbsp;</li>\n</ol>\n','1663939699.jpg','1663938521.jpg','',0,'1'),(12,'2021-04-12 15:39:07','2021-03-08','Position of Emergency Arbitrator and Emergency Award in India','position-of-emergency-arbitrator-and-emergency-award-in-india','Mayank Grover and Gurleen Kaur','As a measure to provide urgent interim relief, the concept of emergency arbitration has evolved in the field of arbitration.','<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As a measure to provide urgent interim relief, the concept of emergency arbitration has evolved in the field of arbitration. Almost all the international arbitration centres such as International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC) and Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (HKIAC) as well as arbitration centres closer home such as Delhi International Arbitration Centre (DIAC), Mumbai Centre for International Arbitration (MCIA) and others have introduced the provision for emergency arbitrator for seeking interim relief in case of exceptional urgency.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Even though many arbitration institutions have recognised and incorporated the concept of Emergency Arbitration and the awards granted by the emergency arbitrator, however, India still does not recognise this concept and so far has not recognized emergency awards. This relief is available to parties by approaching courts under Section 9 of the Arbitration &amp; Conciliation Act, 1996 (&lsquo;<strong>A&amp;C Act</strong>&rsquo;). The definition of award under Section 2(c) of the&nbsp;A&amp;C Act does not include the provision for &ldquo;emergency award&rdquo; within its ambit and scope. The absence of the said provision has also been said to be a conscious decision of the legislature, which, in all its wisdom did not include the same in the amendments of 2015 and 2019 to the A&amp;C Act, despite the recommendation of the Law Commission in its 246th&nbsp;Report to expand the definition of an &lsquo;arbitral tribunal&rsquo; under Section 2(d) to include the concept of &lsquo;emergency arbitrator&rsquo;. Despite the same, such an inclusion was not made in the subsequent amendments to the A&amp;C Act.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">However, the recent decision of the Delhi High Court in the dispute between Future Group and Amazon has sought to clarify the position on emergency arbitrator and emergency award in India. Although the judgments passed in the concurrent cases are pending challenge in appeal before the Delhi High Court, we will encapsulate the position of law discussed therein.</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Who is an Emergency Arbitrator?</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The role of emergency arbitrator comes into effect in a situation where prior to constitution of an arbitral tribunal, a party seeks to obtain an urgent interim relief. Under the A&amp;C Act, the said power rests with the Court under Section&nbsp;9 of the said A&amp;C Act. However, as stated above, a number of arbitration centres have made provisions for the said relief to a party, without approaching the Court, through an emergency arbitrator, prior to constitution of an Arbitral Tribunal in terms of the arbitration agreement.</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Position before the Future Group &ndash; Amazon dispute:</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Under the New York Convention, 1958 on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, the interim/provisional/interlocutory orders of foreign-seated arbitral tribunals, including Emergency Awards are not recognized. The New York Convention requires an award to be final and binding as a precondition to its recognition and enforcement. Further, it also prevents enforcement of an award which has been passed without an opportunity to the other party to present its case. In light of this, the most commonly suggested analysis is that Emergency Awards are not by themselves enforceable in case of international arbitrations. Under the A&amp;C Act, the enforceability of emergency award is likely to be attempted by way of filing a suit for interim measures from court in line with the emergency award made by the emergency arbitrator.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Delhi High Court in a case filed by Raffles Design International India Private Limited against Educomp Professional Education Limited (&lsquo;<strong>Raffles Case</strong>&rsquo;) had held that the emergency award passed by the Arbitral Tribunal cannot be enforced under the A&amp;C Act and the only method for enforcing the same would be for a party to file a suit<em>.&nbsp;</em>The Court thus, held that the award passed by the emergency arbitrator does not fall in the scope of A&amp;C Act. However, in the Raffles Case, the Court was dealing with an emergency award passed in a foreign seated arbitration.</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Position post the Future Group &ndash; Amazon dispute:</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">For a long time, the legal position regarding the validity and sanctity of the emergency arbitration was unclear and vague. But recently, the Delhi High Court in a suit filed by Future Retail Limited (&lsquo;<strong>FRL</strong>&rsquo;) primarily against Amazon.com Investments Holdings LLC (&lsquo;<strong>Amazon&rsquo;</strong>) as the contesting party (&lsquo;<strong>FRL &ndash; Amazon Suit</strong>&rsquo;), has held that the Emergency Arbitrator in an arbitration governed by Part I of the A&amp;C Act&nbsp;<em>prima facie</em>&nbsp;is not a&nbsp;<em>coram non judice</em>&nbsp;and the consequential Emergency Award is not invalid on this account.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">While confirming the aforesaid legal position, the court observed that, &ldquo;<em>The Courts of India have for long recognized the legal position that in an International Commercial Arbitration, there are three sets of law that may apply, i.e. proper law of the contract; proper law of the arbitration agreement/lex arbitri; and proper law of the conduct of arbitration/lex fori/curial law</em>&rdquo;.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the present case, the arbitration between FRL, Future Coupons Private Limited (&lsquo;<strong>FCPL</strong>&rsquo;) and Amazon, is an International Commercial Arbitration seated in New Delhi, India and governed by Part I of the A&amp;C Act, however, conducted in accordance with SIAC Rules, thus making SIAC rules, the procedural law.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It has been mentioned by the Delhi High Court in the FRL &ndash; Amazon Suit that the Indian law of arbitration allows the parties to choose a procedural law different from the proper law. The SIAC Rules provide an option to the aggrieved party to either approach the emergency arbitrator for interim relief, or to approach a judicial authority for the same, prior to the constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal. In such circumstances, the Delhi High Court concluded that the SIAC Rules do not take away the substantive right of the parties to approach the Courts in India for interim relief.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Reiterating that party autonomy was the backbone of arbitration, the Court upheld the sanctity of the arbitration agreement entered between the parties and observed that &ldquo;<em>The parties had with open eyes left it for themselves, to choose between availing interim reliefs from the emergency arbitrator on the one hand, or the Courts under Section 9 of the A&amp;C Act on the other hand. Thus, Amazon has exercised its choice of the forum for interim relief as per the arbitration agreement between the parties. Nothing in the A&amp;C Act prohibits the parties from doing so</em>.&rdquo; The Court observed that the parties having deliberately left it open to themselves to seek interim relief from an emergency arbitrator, or the Court in terms of Rule 30.3 of SIAC Rules, the authority of the said Emergency Arbitrator cannot be invalidated merely because it does not strictly fall within the definition under Section 2(1)(d) of the A&amp;C Act.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><br />\nAlong with the FRL &ndash; Amazon Suit filed by FRL, Amazon has also filed a petition seeking enforcement of the Emergency Award passed by the Emergency Arbitrator (&lsquo;<strong>Enforcement Petition</strong>&rsquo;). In the said Enforcement Petition, the Delhi High Court, recognizing the validity of Emergency Award passed by</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">the Emergency Arbitrator, had directed that FRL maintains status-quo with respect to its business deal with Reliance. However, on a challenge before the Division Bench of the Delhi High Court, the said order dated 02&nbsp;February&nbsp;2021 directing status-quo has been stayed until final order is passed in the Enforcement Petition.</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Conclusion:</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Although the position of law in respect of Emergency Awards passed by Emergency Arbitrators remains fluid, the Courts appear inclined to recognize the same and rightly so. The legality of an emergency award in India will help in providing legal sanctity to the provisions pertaining to emergency arbitrators and awards in the various international arbitration centres and further providing more impetus to party autonomy. It will also help in providing quick relief to parties seeking interim reliefs. The same will also strengthen the development of arbitration in India and decrease judicial intervention in arbitration.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>About the Authors: Mayank Grover is a Partner and Gurleen Kaur is an Associate at Seraphic Advisors, Advocates &amp; Solicitors.</strong></p>\n','1663939749.jpg','1663938613.jpg','',0,'1'),(13,'2021-04-12 18:29:39','2021-02-13','Our Firm’s Partner Mayank Grover held a session on Cyber Laws','our-firm-s-partner-mayank-grover-held-a-session-on-cyber-laws','Mayank Grover','Our Firm’s Partner Mayank Grover held a session on Cyber Laws on February 13 & 14, 2021 discussing the governance of our digital life by cyber laws','<p><iframe frameborder=\"0\" height=\"749\" src=\"https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/e/2PACX-1vQjoSfRhKKgUBOhliFd248yqgZ8FFDc0Cy7G8T_YM_xFNnZp-uQbrttQuMFNq0mvhYAwIEEsVV8uKno/embed?start=false&amp;loop=false&amp;delayms=3000\" width=\"1280\"></iframe></p>\n','','1663938587.jpg','',0,'1'),(17,'2022-08-08 16:42:40','2020-10-12','Are intellectual property rights arbitrable or not ?','are-intellectual-property-rights-arbitrable-or-not','Mayank Grover and Gurleen Kaur','Intellectual Property Rights (‘IPR’) in today’s world are omnipresent in commercial transactions and deliver certain trade rights. There are legislations in India that govern intellectual property rights of organisations and individuals. Intellectual property is coupled with commercial prospects which is undergoing fierce competition since the last couple of decades','<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Intellectual Property Rights (&lsquo;IPR&rsquo;) in today&rsquo;s world are omnipresent in commercial transactions and deliver certain trade rights. There are legislations in India that govern intellectual property rights of organisations and individuals. Intellectual property is coupled with commercial prospects which is undergoing fierce competition since the last couple of decades. The increasing importance of intellectual property rights in India has led to a debate over an efficacious adjudicating authority. The intellectual property disputes generally involve infringement of ownership rights in the form of violation of a trademark, copyright, patent or design.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align:justify\">Arbitrability of IPR matters as per statutes:</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">In India, the resolution mechanism provided under the IPR statutes is governed by the jurisdiction of courts. However, in recent times there have been arguments favouring arbitration as a dispute resolution mechanism for intellectual property disputes. There is a widespread practice of executing IP contracts which contain arbitration clauses. Some major changes ushered in the IPR regime were by way of TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) agreements and by the Civil Procedure Code, 1908. As per Section 89 of the Civil Procedure Code, if the court deems fit, it can allow arbitration, mediation or conciliation for settlement of disputes between parties outside the court.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">It must be noted that Section 62 of the Copyright Act, 1957 and Section 134 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999 do not prohibit or oust arbitration as dispute resolution of IPR matters. However, arbitrability of IPR matters is subject to controversy, in the sense of &lsquo;<em>rights in rem&rsquo;</em> and <em>&lsquo;rights in personam&rsquo;</em>.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align:justify\">Arbitrability of IPR matters as per judicial decisions:</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">In <strong>Booz Allen and Hamilton Inc. v. SBI Home Finance Ltd. and Ors.&nbsp;</strong>[1],&nbsp; the Supreme Court of India held that, generally and traditionally all disputes relating to &lsquo;rights in personam&rsquo; are</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">considered to be amenable to arbitration; and all disputes relating to &lsquo;rights in rem&rsquo; are required to be adjudicated by courts and public tribunals, being unsuited for private arbitration. This is not, however, a rigid or inflexible rule. Disputes relating to subordinate &lsquo;rights in personam&rsquo; arising from &lsquo;rights in rem&rsquo; have always been considered to be arbitrable.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">In <strong>Eros International Media Limited v. Telemax Links India Pvt. Ltd.&nbsp;</strong>[2], the Bombay High Court held that all disputes arising in intellectual property are not considerably &lsquo;right in rem&rsquo; and non-arbitral. Justice Patel held that &ldquo;<em>As</em> <em>between two claimants to a copyright or a trade mark in either infringement or passing off action, that action and that remedy can only ever be an action in personam. It is never an action in rem..</em>..&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><em>In trademark law, it is true that the registration of a mark gives the registrant a right against the world at large. It is possible that an opposition to such an application (before the Registrar) would be an action in rem, for it would result in the grant or non-grant of the registration, good against the world at large. But an infringement or passing off action binds only the parties to it&hellip;</em>&rdquo;. Therefore, the remedy was declared to be a &lsquo;right in personam&rsquo; and the dispute was held to be arbitrable.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Subsequently, in the case of <strong>Indian Performing Rights Society (IPRS) Limited v. Entertainment Network </strong>[3], the Bombay High Court observed the distinction between &lsquo;in rem&rsquo; and &lsquo;in personam&rsquo; rights.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">For background, the dispute was in regard to the breach of license agreement by Entertainment Network which broadcasted the musical works from IPRS on FM Radio. As per the contract, any dispute was required to be settled by arbitration. The Arbitrator held that no right of IPRS was violated and Entertainment Network need not obtain license from IPRS for broadcasting. This award of the Arbitrator was challenged by IPRS before the Bombay High Court on the ground of jurisdiction of the Arbitrator and arbitrability of the dispute. The matter required interpretation of Section 62 of the Copyright Act mandating jurisdiction of district courts for adjudication of copyright disputes.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">The Court relied on the judgment of Booz Allen<em>, </em>and considered the right of a licensor as a &lsquo;right in rem&rsquo;, which is in public interest and thus held that &ldquo;<em>the issue was beyond the jurisdiction of the learned arbitrator for being adjudicated upon being an action in rem</em>&rdquo;.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">The Court also relied on a judgment passed by Delhi High Court in the case of <strong>Mundipharama AG v. Wockhardt Limited&nbsp;</strong>[4]&nbsp;wherein it was held that in case where copyright in any work is infringed, the remedies by way of injunction, damages, rendition of accounts and otherwise as are or may be conferred by law for the infringement of such a right, cannot be subject-matter of arbitration.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">The Bombay High Court interpreting the breach as a &lsquo;right in rem&rsquo; and not only against Entertainment Network, held that rights of IPRS as a licensor were destructed in the impugned award not only against the claimant, but also against the world at large and therefore, set aside the impugned award.</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align:justify\">Current legal position in India:</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">After considering the above discussed judgments, it will be appropriate to conclude that the position regarding arbitrability of IPR matters is ambiguous. The judgments of the Supreme Court have broadly categorized IPR issues into being &lsquo;rights in rem&rsquo; and &lsquo;rights in personam&rsquo; and have concluded that &lsquo;rights in rem&rsquo; are not arbitrable.</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align:justify\">Arbitrability of IPR matters in other jurisdictions:&nbsp;</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">In a recent trend, it is seen that parties are in favor of arbitration in relation to IPR matters worldwide. The number of IPR related arbitrations have been on the rise under the watch of the World Intellectual Property Organization (&lsquo;WIPO&rsquo;). The accepted position by WIPO is similar to the legal position in India. It is now broadly accepted by WIPO that disputes relating to IP rights are arbitrable, like disputes relating to any other type of privately held rights. Any right of which a party can dispose by way of settlement should, in principle, also be capable of being the subject of arbitration since, like a settlement, arbitration is based on party agreement [5].</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align:justify\">Conclusion:</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">The evolving dispute resolution mechanism leans towards a shift from a conservative &lsquo;one formula fit all&rsquo; approach to a more pragmatic and comprehensive approach for IPR disputes. In such situation, the way forward is to adopt arbitration in larger number of domestic and cross-border IPR disputes which will lead to expeditious resolution. An award rendered by such arbitral tribunals is required to confine its adjudication to infringement of rights of the parties to the contract (&lsquo;rights in personam&rsquo;) and not affect rights of third parties (&lsquo;rights in rem&rsquo;).</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>About the Authors: Mayank Grover is a Founding Partner and Gurleen Kaur is a law intern at Seraphic Advisors, Advocates &amp; Solicitors.&nbsp;</strong></p>\n\n<hr />\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">1. AIR 2011 SC 2507</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">2. LSI-1123-HC-2016-(BOM)</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">3. 2016 SCC OnLine Bom 5893</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">4. (1991) ILR 1 Delhi 606</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">5.&nbsp;<span style=\"font-size:14px\"><a href=\"https://www.wipo.int/amc/en/arbitration/why-is-arb.html\">https://www.wipo.int/amc/en/arbitration/why-is-arb.html</a></span></p>\n','1663939688.jpg','1663938461.jpg','',0,'1'),(18,'2022-08-08 17:10:39','2022-03-11','ETA for delicensed frequencies in India: Adding complexity or ensuring  ease of business?','eta-for-delicensed-frequencies-in-india-adding-complexity-or-ensuring-ease-of-business','Mayank Grover and Gurleen Kaur','Wireless communication involves transmission of information by using electromagnetic waves without wires and cables. The wireless revolution began in the 1990s with the advent of digital wireless networks which sparked a social revolution and switched technology from wired to wireless.','<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Wireless communication involves transmission of information by using electromagnetic waves without wires and cables. The wireless revolution began in the 1990s with the advent of digital wireless networks which sparked a social revolution and switched technology from wired to wireless.</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">What is ETA?&nbsp;</span></h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Wireless Planning and Coordination Wing (&#39;<strong>WPC&#39;</strong>) of Government of India&#39;s Department of Telecommunications (&#39;<strong>DoT&#39;</strong>) is the National Radio Regulatory Authority in charge of frequency spectrum management and licensing, as well as catering to the needs of all wireless users. Products with radio and/or wireless functionality which are manufactured in India or imported and function in the de-licensed frequency band / license free radio frequency band must obtain an Equipment Type Approval (<strong>ETA</strong>) certificate from the WPC under the Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933 and the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885. This includes devices with bluetooth, wireless local area network technology (Wi-Fi), digital radios (Zigbee technology), radio frequency identification (RFID) tags etc.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Scope of Approval&nbsp;</span></h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The scope of ETA from WPC covers mobile phones, RFIDs, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth devices like earphones, speakers, microphones, drones etc. Some frequency bands have been assigned a license-free status and therefore, a license from WPC is not required for products operating in those frequencies. In order to obtain an ETA, a detailed test report of the equipment obtained from a well-recognized laboratory has to be submitted to WPC for evaluation.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Documents required for ETA&nbsp;</h2>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Proof of ownership of business and technical literature containing product identification details for preparation and submission of application for ETA to WPC;</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">A detailed Radio Frequency Test Report from an ISO/IEC 17025 accredited laboratory or any Indian laboratory accredited with the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration (&#39;<strong>NABL&#39;</strong>).</li>\n</ul>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Procedure to apply for ETA / WPC&nbsp;License</h2>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Application has to be submitted to the concerned WPC Wing, Regional Licensing Office. Suitable product categories need to be selected, in order to avoid rejection of the application.&nbsp;</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">After the application is submitted, the system generates an Application ID.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">In case of online filing, a hard copy of the application has to be submitted thereafter to the&nbsp;WPC&nbsp;office.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">WPC verifies the documents and information and then grants the license.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Who can apply for ETA?&nbsp;</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Manufacturers/Importers of products with radio, wireless or both features are required to obtain ETA Certificate from WPC and Import License Certificate from the Principal Commissioner of Customs (Import). As per Public Notice No.12/2017 dated 23.08.2017 issued by the Office of the Principal Commissioner of Customs (Import), for import of wireless equipments, the Applicant has to obtain valid import licence after getting ETA.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Devices eligible for ETA&nbsp;</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Transceivers, transmitters, receivers, all blue-tooth devices, wireless home appliances, RFID tags and readers, wireless mouse and keypads, wireless headphones, small digital radios, wireless medical products used for patient profiling laptops, mobile phones, digital radios, remote key for entry, wireless music players, wireless remotes and any other radio frequency modules.</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Exemption from ETA by filing a self-declaration</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The online facility for obtaining ETA through self-declaration is available on the Saral Sanchar portal of DoT. As per Office Memorandum dated 26.02.2019 issued by DoT[1], ETA through self-declaration is permitted for:</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Commercial/finished products, such as mobile/computing devices such&nbsp;as mobile handsets, smartphones, electronic notepads, laptops and smartwatches;</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Short-range devices including accessories, microphones, speakers, headphones, earphones, printers, scanners, cameras etc.&nbsp;</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">which operate in license exemption bands as permitted in India.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A self-declaration from an importer/authorized Indian representative is sufficient for wireless equipments operating in license exempt bands with low transmission power for clearance by the Customs and Central Excise Authorities.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">ETA through self-declaration is applicable to the products which meet two conditions:</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Exempted from import licensing requirements as per the Export and Import (&#39;<strong>EXIM&#39;</strong>) Policy of the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (&#39;<strong>DGFT&#39;</strong>);&nbsp;</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Operate in the de-licensed frequency band(s) as per applicable Gazette Notifications.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">These products may be imported by submitting a self-declaration to Custom Authorities and informing WPC via email.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As per another Office Memorandum dated 26.02.2019 of DoT [2], the requirement of ETA is exempted for R&amp;D/ testing/ demo/ prototype/ pre-launch devices in the categories of mobiles, laptops, electronic notepads, smart watches, Short Range devices (including accessories), microphones, speakers, headphones, earphones, printers, scanners, cameras etc. and Test &amp; Measurement equipment operating in license exempt bands as permitted in India.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A self-declaration from an importer/authorized Indian representative is sufficient for clearance by the Customs and Central Excise Authorities permitting 1000 units per model. The importer is also required to undertake that after completion of test/prototype exercise, equipments would either be exported back to the country of origin or destroyed as per destruction guidelines of WPC and may not be sold in the Indian market.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thus, ETA clearance is required for wireless equipments which operate in license exempt frequency bands in India. With the introduction of self-declaration mechanism and exemption for prototypes, the process to obtain ETA license has been simplified by WPC to expedite launch of new devices and ensure ease of doing business in India.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>About the Authors: Mayank Grover is a Founding Partner and Gurleen Kaur is an Associate at Seraphic Advisors, Advocates &amp; Solicitors in New Delhi.</strong></p>\n\n<hr />\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1.<a href=\"https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/ETA%20through%20Self%20declaration%20for%20Certain%20Categories%20of%20Wires%20Equipment%20dt%2026-02-2019_0.pdf\">https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/ETA%20through%20Self%20declaration%20for%20Certain%20Categories%20of%20Wires%20Equipment%20dt%2026-02-2019_0.pdf</a></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2.<a href=\"https://www.tuv.com/content-media-files/master-content/rs/Attachments/1075_WPC%20Notification_Exemption%20ETA-Test-Prototype%20dt%2026-02-2019.pdf\">https://www.tuv.com/content-media-files/master-content/rs/Attachments/1075_WPC%20Notification_Exemption%20ETA-Test-Prototype%20dt%2026-02-2019.pdf</a></p>\n','1663939670.jpg','1663938448.jpg','',0,'1'),(19,'2022-08-08 18:09:32','2021-05-19','Protection of Non-Personal Data: A Legal Perspective','protection-of-non-personal-data-a-legal-perspective','Gurleen Kaur','With the introduction of PDP bill in Parliament, India may soon get its Personal Protection Law. While the personal data of individuals is protected by privacy laws in different legislations in India, there is currently no law to regulate Non-Personal Data. A Committee was formed by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) to make suggestions on regulation of non-personal data.','<h2>Introduction</h2>\n\n<p>With the introduction of PDP bill in Parliament, India may soon get its Personal Protection Law. While the personal data of individuals is protected by privacy laws in different legislations in India, there is currently no law to regulate Non-Personal Data.&nbsp;A Committee was formed by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) to make suggestions on regulation of non-personal data. The Committee was led by the co-founder of Infosys &ndash; Kris Gopalakrishnan. The Committee released its first report on July 12, 2020 (&lsquo;<strong>Old Report</strong>&rsquo;), and the revised report was released in December 2020 (<strong>&lsquo;New Report&rsquo;</strong>). The report aims to make pivotal recommendations that act as a substantial basis for India&rsquo;s data protection regime.</p>\n\n<h2>What is the role of Data?[1]</h2>\n\n<p>Data is a valuable resource for any individual, corporation, or a government. Access to data helps in informed decision-making. Data can either be standalone individual data such as the financial details of clients available with banking institutions or be at the level of community such as data created by recording and storing information about movement of vehicles at an intersection or data generated by climatic conditions. Data can be used for analytical, statistical, business and security purposes. The unprecedented explosion in the volume of data creates as much a threat to its misuse as it creates opportunities for utilization for policy making. Business models of companies are increasingly centred around data. Targeted advertisements, personalized recommendations, and data-strategies as a means to attain competitive advantage by corporations are some ways that value has been attached to data. As much as these mechanisms are beneficial to the companies, the importance of ownership of data must not be undermined.</p>\n\n<h2>What is the need to come up with a regulatory regime for Non-Personal Data?[2]</h2>\n\n<p>India is likely to become one of the largest sources of commercially useful data in the world. In just three years since 2014, monthly data usage in the country has increased fifteen times, as smartphones and mobile internet became cheaper and faster. At the end of 2014, the average monthly data consumption was only 0.26GB per person, which increased to over 4GB at the end of 2017[3]. Greater internet usage means generation of more data and therefore, greater requirement to prioritize privacy, consumer protection and regulate flow of data for leveraging it to benefit the domestic economy.</p>\n\n<p>Data acts as a Digital capital (granting data the status of &lsquo;capital&rsquo; at par with financial capital of a corporation) and has come to be reckoned as one that matters no less than intellectual property or industrial capital (funds). Greater access to data provides a greater digital capital to a corporation, granting it an advantage over its competitors. A handful of companies today dominate the digital economy[4]. They are successfully exploiting the significant first mover&rsquo;s advantage in the data-driven ecosystem. Without access to adequate data, MSMEs and start-ups remain at a disadvantage to develop many innovative solutions. With the view of streamlining the access to data, while protecting privacy of users, steps are being taken to regulate non-personal data in India.</p>\n\n<h2>What is Non-Personal Data?[5]</h2>\n\n<p>Non-personal data is defined as data which is not personal data as per the Personal Data Protection Bill (PDP), 2019 or data without any personally identifiable information. The PDP Bill defines personal data to include data about characteristics, traits, or attributes of identity, which can be used to identify an individual. In terms of origin, non-personal data can be data which was never related to natural persons (such as data on weather or supply chains), or data which was initially personal data, but has been anonymised (through use of certain techniques to ensure that individuals to whom the data relates to cannot be identified).</p>\n\n<h2>What are the benefits flowing through the regulations?[6]</h2>\n\n<p>The Committee believes that the policy / regulation will lead to the following benefits[7]:</p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li>Realizing economic value from use of non-personal data. To generate economic benefits for citizens and communities in India and unlock the potential of social / public / economic value of data.</li>\n	<li>The benefits accruing from processing non-personal data should accrue not only to the organizations that collect such data, but also to India and the community that typically produces the data that is being captured.</li>\n	<li>Creating incentives for innovation and new products / services and start-ups in India.</li>\n	<li>Addressing privacy concerns, including from re-identification of anonymised personal data, preventing collective harms arising from processing of non-personal data.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<h2>What are the categories of Non-Personal data?</h2>\n\n<p>In the new report, the classification of non-personal data is excluded. The first reports provided for classification of data into the following categories[8]:</p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li><strong>Public Non-Personal Data</strong>: It means Non-Personal Data collected or generated by the governments, or by any agency of the governments, and includes data collected or generated in the course of execution of all publicly funded works. It includes anonymised data of land records, public health information, vehicle registration data, etc. All Non-Personal Data collected or generated by the Government where such data is explicitly afforded confidential treatment under a law, shall not constitute Public Non-Personal Data.</li>\n	<li><strong>Community Non-Personal Data:</strong> It means Non-Personal Data, including anonymised personal data, and non-personal data about inanimate and animate things or phenomena &ndash; whether natural, social or artefactual, whose source or subject pertains to a community of natural persons, excluding Private Non-Personal Data. It includes datasets collected by the municipal corporations and public electric utilities, datasets comprising user-information collected even by private players like telecom, e-commerce, ride-hailing companies, etc.</li>\n	<li><strong>Private Non-Personal Data</strong>: It means Non-Personal Data collected or produced by persons or entities other than the governments, the source or subject of which relates to assets and processes that are privately-owned by such person or entity and includes those aspects of derived and observed data that result from private effort. It includes inferred or derived data / insights involving application of algorithms, proprietary knowledge, etc[9].</li>\n</ol>\n\n<h2>What are the Key Features in the revised report?</h2>\n\n<ol>\n	<li><strong>Overlap of NPD Framework with the PDP Bill[10]</strong>: The Committee in the new report Suggested deleting Clause 91 of the PDP Bill to ensure that it does not regulate NPD. It is recommended that such deletion is necessary to ensure that PDP bill and NPD framework are mutually exclusive, yet harmonious constructed.</li>\n	<li><strong>Consent for anonymisation of personal data[11]</strong><strong>:&nbsp;</strong>The Committee considered that large collections of anonymised data can be de-anonymised, especially when using multiple Non-Personal Data sets. Thus, considering the risk committee realised that the individual (data principal) needs more protection. Therefore, the Committee recommends that data collectors at the time of collecting personal data should provide a notice and offer the data principal the option to opt out of data anonymization.</li>\n	<li><strong>Data businesses[12]</strong>: It has been recommended to Create a new category / taxonomy of business called &lsquo;Data Business&rsquo; that collects, process, store, or otherwise manages data, and meets certain threshold criteria. Data Business is a horizontal classification and not an independent industry sector. Many existing businesses in various sectors, collecting data beyond a threshold level, will get categorized as a Data Business. Data Businesses will provide, within India, open access to meta-data and regulated access to the underlying data. The compliance process will be light-weight and fully digital. Data Businesses will be required to disclose the data elements collected, stored and processed, and data-based services offered. In the report there are certain compliance requirements as well which are to be followed by Data Businesses.</li>\n	<li><strong>Access to meta-data of Data Businesses[13]</strong>: The Committee strongly believes that meta-data sharing by Data Business will spur innovation at an unprecedented scale in the country. One of the associated key objectives is to promote and encourage the development of domestic industry and start-ups that can scale their data-based businesses. For example, automobile companies may collect data about roads through various sensors. A start-up will know that this data is available based on the meta-data provided by automobile companies. The start-up can request for access for this data and can combine this data with public traffic data to create a solution for safest road routes for senior citizens.</li>\n	<li><strong>Rights over Non-Personal Data: </strong>The rights over non-personal data include:</li>\n</ol>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>Right to derive economic and other value and maximising data&rsquo;s benefits for the community and</li>\n	<li>Right to eliminating or minimizing harms from the data to the community[14].</li>\n</ul>\n\n<h2>Who will exercise these rights over Non-Personal Data[15]?</h2>\n\n<p>In case of personal data, the rights are exercised by the data principal. However, in case of non-personal data, once the personal data is anonymised or in case the data pertains to things other than a person (such as machine, natural phenomenon, etc.), there is no data principal associated. The Committee recognises that, in the absence of a data principal for non-personal data, a community can exercise these rights over non-personal data.</p>\n\n<h2>Key Roles in the Non-Personal Data Ecosystem[16]:</h2>\n\n<p>In order to provide institutionalized mechanisms for the community to exercise these rights, the Committee recommends the creation of:</p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li>Defined roles such as data custodian and data processor;</li>\n	<li>High-value Datasets (HVDs)</li>\n	<li>A new role, data trustee, to exercise the rights of the community over nonpersonal data collected in these HVDs;</li>\n	<li>NPD Authority, to govern the rules and regulations on non-personal data.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<ol>\n	<li><strong>Data</strong> <strong>Processor:</strong> A data processor means a company that processes Non-Personal Data on behalf of a data custodian.[17]</li>\n	<li><strong>Data Custodian:</strong> The data custodian is an entity that undertakes the collection, storage, processing, use, etc. of data. Typically, it is the data custodian that has a relationship with the consumer from whom data is collected. The data custodian has an obligation / responsibility to share appropriate NPD when data requests are made for defined data sharing purposes.[18]</li>\n	<li><strong>High-value Datasets (HVD) and Data Trustee</strong>.[19] <strong>:</strong>&nbsp;An HVD is a dataset that is beneficial to the community at large and shared as a public good, subject to certain guidelines pertaining to the management of an HVD and data sharing. The Committee has defined a data trustee as an organization, either a Government organization or a non-profit Private organization (Section 8 company / Society / Trust), that is responsible for the creation, maintenance, data-sharing of High-value Datasets in India Data Trustees have a responsibility towards responsible &#39;data stewardship&#39; and a &#39;duty of care&#39; to the concerned community in relation to handling NPD related to it. Further, the Revised Report also imposes the following obligations on a Data Trustee:</li>\n</ol>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>A Data Trustee has to ensure that the HVD are used only in the interests of the community.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>A Data Trustee has a responsibility to ensure that no harm to persons / groups of persons occur by their re-identification of NPD.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>A Data Trustee is obligated to establish grievance redressal mechanisms so that the community can raise grievances.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p><strong>Classification/creation of HVDs:</strong>&nbsp;The Committee proposes a process for creation of HVDs:</p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li>An HVD is a dataset that is a public-good and benefits the community at large.</li>\n	<li>In consultation with the NPDA, a Government or non-profit private organization (like an industry body, community body) in its role as a data trustee may request for a creation of an HVD.</li>\n	<li>The NPDA will set detailed guidelines to determine appropriateness of the chosen HVD and data trustee (in terms of dataset, objectives, size, actors involved etc.)</li>\n</ol>\n\n<ul>\n	<li><strong>Non-Personal Data Authority:&nbsp;</strong>Non-Personal Data Authority will be established for putting in place the framework for the governance of non-personal data. The Authority will be responsible for framing guidelines concerning data sharing and risks associated with non-personal data. The Authority will adjudicate in cases where data custodian refuses to share a high-value dataset with the data trustee[20].</li>\n	<li><strong>Sharing of non-personal data[21]</strong><strong>:&nbsp;</strong>The Committee recommended that data trustees share high-value datasets with public and private organisations (registered in India) for public good purposes. Public good purposes include community uses, research and innovation, policy development, and better delivery of public services. For sharing high-value datasets, certain reasonable charges may be paid to the data custodian towards the processing of data such as anonymisation, aggregation, and sharing. Data trustees may also levy a nominal charge to the data requesters towards data infrastructure and processing.</li>\n	<li><strong>For Sovereign Purpose[22]</strong>: The latest Report suggests that Data may be requested for national security, law enforcement, legal or regulatory purposes. Already regulations exist in India which address sharing of data for Sovereign purpose. This framework only reiterates the need for such data sharing and does not propose anything new or additional. Few Non-Exhaustive examples have been included in the report like:</li>\n	<li>Data requested for mapping security vulnerabilities and challenges, including people&#39;s security, physical infrastructure security and cyber security.</li>\n	<li>Data required for crime mapping, devising anticipation and preventive measures, and for investigations and law enforcement.</li>\n	<li>Data required for pandemic mapping, prediction and prevention, and also subsequent interventions.</li>\n	<li>Data required by a regulator to understand and keep abreast of developments in a sector with regard to need for regulatory interventions.</li>\n	<li><strong>For Public Good Purpose[23]</strong>: Data may be requested for community uses / benefits or public goods, research and innovation, for policy development, better delivery of public services.</li>\n	<li><strong>For Business Purpose[24]</strong><strong>:</strong> The Report has clarified that such data sharing exists between two private entities, the Committee does not make any recommendations on this. sharing of data for business related purposes will be outside of the scope of the NPD framework.</li>\n	<li><strong>Exemptions to Data Sharing</strong>: The Revised Report has clarified that the following NPD will not form part of mandatory sharing requirements under the NPD framework[25]:</li>\n	<li>Data sharing that would involve access to private companies&#39; trade secrets or other proprietary information regarding their employees / internal processes and productivity data.</li>\n	<li>Data sharing that would likely result in violating the privacy of individuals, groups, or communities.</li>\n	<li><strong>Sharing of datasets to create HVDs</strong>:&nbsp; The Committee suggests the granularity of non-personal data that is to be collected for creating a HVD and lays out a process for sharing HVDs[26]. As per the New Report, complete raw/factual/transactional level datasets will not be collected from both public and private sources for creating HDVs. Only specific subsets of data may be collected. Private inferred data of private companies will not be collected for creation of HDVs. There will be no restriction on collection of aggregate data[27].</li>\n	<li><strong>Legal Analysis of the NPD Framework</strong>: The Committee did a legal analysis of proposed NPD Governance Framework from the perspective of Property Law, Copyright Law, Trade Secrets Law, IT Act 2000, Competition Law and the Indian Constitution. Indian property law has not recognised a property right (akin to ownership of land or goods) over data and there are no statutory protections in this regard. However, certain rights &ndash; in the nature of proprietary rights&ndash; have conventionally been derived from two sources - copyright and trade secrets law. As per the Committee recommendations, data sharing may be mandated only for designated high value datasets, where the fields for data to be shared are also pre-determined (which are expected to be a subset of the fields in the original database) and are relatively straight-forward. If the extraction is done per given pre-set fields, such extraction would not violate the database design copyright.</li>\n	<li><strong>Community right over NPD</strong>: The NPD Committee has identified five key principles to ascertain community rights over data: (i) a community&rsquo;s right over resources associated collectively with it; (ii) consent of the community for use of such resources; (iii) benefit sharing with the community; (iv) transparency in recording community resources to prevent misuse and enable easy access of the legitimate kind; and (v) community&rsquo;s participation in governance of community resources.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<h2>Conclusion:&nbsp;</h2>\n\n<p>In the era of Industrial Revolution 4.0, economic development is based on data which is generated, stored, transmitted, or processed in large volumes. The increasing importance of data warrants treating it at par with other resources on which a country would have sovereign right. It is said that data is the new oil. Therefore, just like oil or any other natural resource, it is important to protect data, prevent its misuse, regulate the use and processing of data and address the concerns related to privacy and security[28]. It is important to develop a framework for Non-Personal Data to better understand the uses and benefits of data and its value. Data is treated as an asset and monetized directly by trading it or building a service on top of the data, including (i) Treating data as an asset (ii) Activity or usage value of data (iii) Future value of data and (iv) Prudent value of data. The proposed framework is made with a view to be the basis for the government to come up with a new legislation to regulate non-personal data.</p>\n\n<p><strong>About the Author: Gurleen Kaur is an Associate at Seraphic Advisors, Advocates &amp; Solicitors in New Delhi. </strong></p>\n\n<hr style=\"border-color:#5c002e;\">\n<p>1 <a href=\"https://dipp.gov.in/sites/default/files/DraftNational_e-commerce_Policy_23February2019.pdf\">https://dipp.gov.in/sites/default/files/DraftNational_e-commerce_Policy_23February2019.pdf</a></p>\n\n<p>2 Ibid</p>\n\n<p>3 <a href=\"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indians-gorging-on-mobile-data-usage-goes-up-15-times-in-3-yrs/articleshow/64432913.cms\">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indians-gorging-on-mobile-data-usage-goes-up-15-times-in-3-yrs/articleshow/64432913.cms</a></p>\n\n<p>4 <a href=\"https://theprint.in/opinion/indian-govt-took-first-step-to-unlock-value-of-non-personal-data-must-now-bring-in-nuance/467239/\">https://theprint.in/opinion/indian-govt-took-first-step-to-unlock-value-of-non-personal-data-must-now-bring-in-nuance/467239/</a></p>\n\n<p>5 <a href=\"https://prsindia.org/policy/report-summaries/revised-draft-non-personal-data-governance-framework\">https://prsindia.org/policy/report-summaries/revised-draft-non-personal-data-governance-framework</a></p>\n\n<p>6 <a href=\"https://static.mygov.in/rest/s3fs-public/mygov_160975438978977151.pdf\">https://static.mygov.in/rest/s3fs-public/mygov_160975438978977151.pdf</a> (New Report)</p>\n\n<p>7 Paragraph 3.6 of the New Report</p>\n\n<p>8 <a href=\"https://ourgovdotin.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/kris-gopalakrishnan-committee-report-on-non-personal-data-governance-framework.pdf\">https://ourgovdotin.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/kris-gopalakrishnan-committee-report-on-non-personal-data-governance-framework.pdf</a> (Old Report) (paragraph 4.1)</p>\n\n<p>9 <a href=\"https://ourgovdotin.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/kris-gopalakrishnan-committee-report-on-non-personal-data-governance-framework.pdf\">https://ourgovdotin.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/kris-gopalakrishnan-committee-report-on-non-personal-data-governance-framework.pdf</a></p>\n\n<p>10&nbsp;Paragraph 5.3 of the New Report</p>\n\n<p>11 Paragraph 5.4 of the New Report</p>\n\n<p>12 Paragraph 6.1 of the New Report</p>\n\n<p>13 Paragraph 6.3 of the New Report</p>\n\n<p>14 Paragraph 7.1 of the New Report</p>\n\n<p>15 Paragraph 7.2 of the New Report</p>\n\n<p>16 Paragraph 7.3 of the New Report</p>\n\n<p>17 Paragraph 7.5 of the New Report</p>\n\n<p>18 Paragraph 7.5 of the New Report</p>\n\n<p>19 Paragraph 7.7 of the New Report</p>\n\n<p>20 <a href=\"https://prsindia.org/policy/report-summaries/revised-draft-non-personal-data-governance-framework\">https://prsindia.org/policy/report-summaries/revised-draft-non-personal-data-governance-framework</a></p>\n\n<p>21 Paragraph 8.5 of the New Report</p>\n\n<p>22 Paragraph 8.1 of the New Report&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>23 Paragraph 8.2 of the New Report</p>\n\n<p>24 Paragraph 8.3 of the New Report</p>\n\n<p>25 Paragraph 8.6 of the New Report</p>\n\n<p>26 Paragraph 8.7 of the New Report</p>\n\n<p>27 Paragraph 8.10 of the New Report</p>\n\n<p>28 Supra 1</p>\n','1663939655.jpg','1663938419.jpg','',0,'1'),(20,'2022-08-08 18:24:03','2020-07-29','Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020','consumer-protection-e-commerce-rules-2020','Mayank Grover','The Ministry of Consumer Affairs has notified the Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules 2020 (‘Rules’) on July 23, 2020. The Rules have been framed to act against unfair trade practices in e-commerce and to protect the interest of consumers in accordance with Section 94 of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.','<p>The Ministry of Consumer Affairs has notified the Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules 2020 (&lsquo;Rules&rsquo;) on July 23, 2020. The Rules&nbsp;have been framed to&nbsp;act&nbsp;against unfair trade practices in&nbsp;e-commerce and to protect the interest of consumers in accordance with Section 94 of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2>Scope and Applicability&nbsp;</h2>\n\n<p>An e-commerce entity has been defined to mean any person who owns, operates or manages a digital or electronic facility or platform for electronic commerce, but does not include a seller offering his goods or services for sale on a marketplace e-commerce entity. These Rules shall also apply to an e-commerce entity which is not established in India, but systematically offers goods or services to consumers in India. The Rules provide for the duties and liabilities of e-commerce entities, sellers on marketplace and inventory e-commerce entities.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>The Rules shall apply to:&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li>all goods and services bought or sold over digital or electronic network including digital products,&nbsp;</li>\n	<li>all models of e-commerce, including marketplace and inventory models of e-commerce;&nbsp;</li>\n	<li>all e-commerce retail, including multi-channel single brand retailers and single brand retailers in single or multiple formats; and&nbsp;</li>\n	<li>all forms of unfair trade practices across all models of e-commerce.&nbsp;</li>\n</ol>\n\n<h2>Key provisions</h2>\n\n<ol>\n	<li>E-commerce entities shall facilitate easy returns, address customer grievances and appoint a grievance officer for customer grievance redressal. The grievance officer has to acknowledge the receipt of any consumer complaint within 48 hours and redress the complaint within one month from the date of receipt.</li>\n	<li>E-commerce entities are also required to provide a ticket number for each complaint lodged, through which the consumer can track the status of the complaint.</li>\n	<li>E-commerce entities should not impose cancellation charges on consumers cancelling orders after confirming purchase, unless e-commerce entities are ready to pay similar charges in case of cancellation of orders from their side.&nbsp;</li>\n	<li>Sellers offering goods and services through a marketplace e-commerce entity will have to provide the below details to the e-commerce entity to be displayed on its platform or website:</li>\n</ol>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>Break-up price of all goods and services offered for sale, viz. delivery charges, postage and handling charges, conveyance charges and the applicable tax;</li>\n	<li>All mandatory notices and information provided by applicable laws, and the expiry date of the goods being offered for sale;</li>\n	<li>All relevant details about goods and services offered by the seller including country of origin;</li>\n	<li>Name and contact details of the grievance officer for consumer grievance redressal.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>5. Inventory e-commerce entities shall provide information to its users with respect to, inter alia, return, refund, exchange, warranty and guarantee, delivery and shipment, mode of payment, cost of return shipping and grievance redressal mechanism.</p>\n','1663939618.jpg','1663938544.jpg','',0,'0'),(21,'2022-08-08 18:36:33','2020-06-04','Law of Sexual Harassment at Workplace: An Overview','law-of-sexual-harassment-at-workplace-an-overview','Mayank Grover','Sexual harassment is antithetical to gender equality. It results in violation of the fundamental rights of a woman to equality under Articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution of India and her right to life and to live with dignity under Article 21 of the Constitution.','<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sexual harassment is antithetical to gender equality. It results in violation of the fundamental rights of a woman to equality under Articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution of India and her right to life and to live with dignity under Article 21 of the Constitution and the right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business under Article 19(1)(g) which includes a right to have a safe environment free from sexual harassment.</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Meaning of Sexual Harassment</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In India, the issue of sexual harassment at workplace came to the forefront in the year 1997 in a matter titled Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan [(1997) 6 SCC 241] before the Supreme Court of India. The Supreme Court defined sexual harassment as such unwelcome sexually determined behaviour (whether directly or by implication) as:</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">a) physical contact and advances;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">b) a demand or request for sexual favours;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">c) sexually coloured remarks;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">d) showing pornography;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">e) any other unwelcome physical verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the absence of a legislation/statute on this issue, the Supreme Court laid down the following guidelines to eradicate the social evil of sexual harassment of working women at all workplaces:</p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">It shall be the duty of the employer to prevent or deter the commission of acts of sexual harassment and to provide the procedures for the resolution, settlement or prosecution of such acts by taking all steps required, such as:&nbsp;</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Express prohibition of sexual harassment as defined above at the work place should be notified, published and circulated in appropriate ways;&nbsp;</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">The rules/regulations of Government and Public Sector bodies relating to conduct and discipline should include rules/regulations prohibiting sexual harassment and provide for appropriate penalties in such rules against the offender;</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">As regards private employers, steps should be taken to include the aforesaid prohibitions in the standing orders under the Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946;</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Appropriate work conditions should be provided in respect of work, leisure, health and hygiene to further ensure that there is no hostile environment towards women at work places and no woman employee should have reasonable grounds to believe that she is disadvantaged in connection with her employment.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Criminal proceedings: Where such conduct amounts to a specific offence under the Indian Penal Code or under any other law, the employer shall initiate appropriate action in accordance with law by making a complaint with the appropriate authority.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Disciplinary Action: Where such conduct amounts to misconduct in employment as defined by the relevant service rules, appropriate disciplinary action should be initiated by the employer in accordance with those rules.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Complaints Committee: A Complaints Committee should be created in the employer&rsquo;s organization for redress of the complaint made by the victim. It should be headed by a woman and not less than half of its member should be women. Further, to prevent the possibility of any pressure or influence from senior levels, such Complaints Committee should involve a third party, either NGO or other body who is familiar with the issue of sexual harassment.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Supreme Court directed that the aforesaid guidelines would be binding and enforceable in law until suitable legislation is enacted by the government to govern the field.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Advent of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The foregoing guidelines formulated by the Supreme Court governed the field from August 13, 1997 until December 9, 2013 when the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (&lsquo;<strong>Act</strong>&rsquo;) came into effect. The definition of &lsquo;Sexual Harassment&rsquo; in the Act is similar to the one framed by the Supreme Court in its aforementioned guidelines. &lsquo;Workplace&rsquo; has been defined as any government or private sector organisation or establishment and includes a hospital/nursing home, any sports institute/stadium, any place visited by the employee during the course of employment including transportation by the employer for undertaking such journey and a dwelling place / house.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Act prescribes that no woman shall be subjected to sexual harassment at any workplace. The Act makes it mandatory for every organisation / an employer of a workplace with more than 10 employees to constitute an Internal Complaints Committee (&ldquo;<strong>Committee</strong>&rdquo;) to adjudicate complaints of sexual harassment. The Committee shall consist of the following members to be nominated by the employer, namely:&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">a Presiding Officer who shall be a woman employed at a senior level at workplace from amongst the employees;</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">at least two Members from amongst employees preferably committed to the cause of women or who have had experience in social work or have legal knowledge;</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">one member from amongst non-governmental organisations committed to the cause of women or a person familiar with the issues relating to sexual harassment.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is essential that at least half of the total members of the Committee shall be women. The Presiding Officer and every Member of the Committee shall hold office for a maximum period of three years.</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Duties of the employer&nbsp;</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Act obliges every employer to:</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(a) provide a safe working environment at the workplace;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(b) display at any conspicuous place in the workplace, the penal consequences of sexual harassment and the order constituting an Internal Complaints Committee;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(c) organise workshops and awareness programmes at regular intervals for sensitising the employees with the provisions of the Act and orientation programmes for the members of the Committee;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(d) provide necessary facilities to the Committee for dealing with complaints and conducting inquiries;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(e) assist in securing the attendance of respondent and witnesses before the Committee;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(f) make available such information to the Committee as it may require having regard to a complaint;&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(g) provide assistance to the woman, if she so chooses to file a complaint in relation to an offence under the Indian Penal Code or any other law;&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(h) cause to initiate action, under the Indian Penal Code or any other law against the perpetrator, where the perpetrator is not an employee, in the workplace at which the incident of sexual harassment took place;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(i) treat sexual harassment as a misconduct under the service rules and initiate action for such misconduct;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(j) monitor the timely submission of reports by the Committee;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(k) include in the annual report of the organisation, the number of cases filed and their disposal under the Act or where no such report is required to be prepared, intimate such number of cases, if any, to the District Officer to be notified by the appropriate government under the Act.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Penalty for non-compliance with provisions of the Act</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">An employer who fails to constitute a Committee or take action on a sexual harassment complaint or violates other provisions of the Act or any rules made thereunder, shall be punishable with fine which may extend to fifty thousand rupees.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If any employer, after having been previously convicted of an offence punishable under the Act subsequently commits and is convicted of the same offence, he shall be liable to:</p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">twice the punishment, which might have been imposed on a first conviction;</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">cancellation of licence or withdrawal / non-renewal / cancellation of the registration of his business by the Government.&nbsp;</li>\n</ol>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">To conclude</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sexual harassment at workplace can be humiliating and lead to health and safety issues. It is appalling and discriminatory when a woman has reasonable grounds to believe that her objection to reprehensible conduct would disadvantage her in connection with her employment, including recruitment or promotion opportunities, or when it creates a hostile working environment. Therefore, it is imperative for all workplaces employing more than ten employees, to have in place a policy on sexual harassment which sensitises all employees on this critical issue, thereby ensuring a healthy and safe workplace culture. It shall also facilitate in building of confidence and respect for potential partners/vendors/clients of the organisation.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>About the Author: Mayank Grover is a Partner at Seraphic Advisors, Advocates &amp; Solicitors.</strong></p>\n','1667996805.jpg','1667996806.jpg','',0,'1'),(22,'2022-08-09 10:00:10','2021-06-15','Protection of Personal Data: A Legal Perspective','protection-of-personal-data-a-legal-perspective','Gurleen Kaur','In the year 2020, as a result of the pandemic all of us have been forced to accommodate drastic changes in our lifestyles. One shift all of us made was to become more digital than we ever were. Today, we are doing everything online, from our jobs, shopping, meetings to social gatherings. With such a shift, we have realised the importance of data and data privacy. India is one of the largest generators of data over the last few years.','<h2>Introduction</h2>\n\n<p>In the year 2020, as a result of the pandemic all of us have been forced to accommodate drastic changes in our lifestyles. One shift all of us made was to become more digital than we ever were. Today, we are doing everything online, from our jobs, shopping, meetings to social gatherings. With such a shift, we have realised the importance of data and data privacy. India is one of the largest generators of data over the last few years.</p>\n\n<p>The State of Mobile 2021 Report by App Annie, a mobile analytics firm, shows that Indians spent more than 650 million hours using mobile applications in 2020.</p>\n\n<p>1.Over the past few years, the collection, processing and sharing of personal data of individuals has become a vital issue in India with the implementation of government projects like unique biometric identification, e-governance systems, the Aadhaar Act etc. In spite of such increased collection of information of citizens, India is yet to have a comprehensive data protection law. There have been calls for India to have a nationalised data protection law.</p>\n\n<p>308.Informational privacy was a facet of the right to privacy. The dangers to privacy in an age of information can originate not only from the State but also from non-State actors as well. Present Court commend to the Union Government the need to examine and put into place a robust regime for data protection. The creation of such a regime requires a careful and sensitive balance between individual interests and legitimate concerns of the State.</p>\n\n<p>&mdash; Dr D.Y. Chandrachud, J. in K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India.</p>\n\n<p>Owing to digitisation, Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019 (&lsquo;<strong>PDP&rsquo;</strong>)<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn4\">3</a>&nbsp;(&lsquo;<strong>2019 Bill</strong>&rsquo;) was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 11-12-2019 by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology with the main objective of protecting and securing the data of millions of users. The Bill is yet to be passed as a law regardless of being presented in Parliament for more than a year and a half today. In the absence of such a law, till date protection of privacy of Indian citizens is provided and achieved through the provisions under various statutes.</p>\n\n<h2>Statutes and provisions governing the privacy laws in India</h2>\n\n<ol>\n	<li>Information Technology Act, 2000 <a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn5\">4</a>.&mdash; (a) Section 43-A<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn6\">5</a>&nbsp;&ndash; Entities dealing with sensitive personal data or information are liable for damages for negligence in implementing and maintaining reasonable security practices resulting in wrongful loss or wrongful gain to any person. (b) Section&nbsp;72-A<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn7\">6</a>&nbsp;&ndash; Disclosure of materials containing personal information of any person by the service providers without the consent of the person or in breach of a lawful contract, is punishable.</li>\n	<li>Telegraph Act, 1885<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn8\">7</a>&nbsp;and Telegraph Rules, 1951</li>\n	<li>Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn9\">8</a>.&mdash;&nbsp;Rules provide for protection of personal information.</li>\n	<li>Right to Information Act, 2005<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn10\">9</a>.&mdash; As per Section 8(1)(j)<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn11\">10</a>, information which relates&nbsp;to&nbsp;personal information the disclosure of which has no relationship to any public activity or interest, or which would cause unwarranted invasion of the privacy of the individual unless the Central Public Information Officer or the State Public Information Officer or the appellate authority, as the case may be, is satisfied that the larger public interest justifies the disclosure of such information.</li>\n	<li>Post Office Act, 1898<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn12\">11</a>.&mdash;&nbsp;Section 26<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn13\">12</a>&nbsp;allows on the occurrence of any public&nbsp;emergency, or in the interest of the public safety or tranquillity interception of postal articles by the Central Government and the State Governments of India.</li>\n	<li>Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn14\">13</a>.&mdash;&nbsp;Section 91<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn15\">14</a>&nbsp;regulates targeted access to stored content.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<h2>Right to privacy: A fundamental right brought into existence with judicial activism</h2>\n\n<ol>\n	<li>Gobind&nbsp;v. State of M.P.<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn16\">15</a>.&mdash; The right to privacy was declared by the Supreme Court to encompass and protect the personal intimacies of the home, the family marriage, motherhood, procreation and child rearing, subject to &ldquo;compelling State interest&rdquo;.</li>\n	<li>People&rsquo;s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL)&nbsp;Union of India<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn17\">16</a>.&mdash; Supreme Court extended the right to privacy to communications while considering the issue of telephone tapping and held that telephone tapping is a serious invasion of an individual&rsquo;s privacy.</li>\n	<li>Selvi&nbsp;v. State of Karnataka<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn18\">17</a>.&mdash; Supreme Court acknowledged the distinction between bodily/physical privacy and mental privacy and held that subjecting a person to techniques such as narco-analysis, polygraph examination and the brain electrical activation profile (BEAP) test without his consent violates the subject&rsquo;s mental privacy.</li>\n	<li>Unique Identification Authority of India&nbsp;v. Central Bureau of Investigation<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn19\">18</a>.&mdash; In this case, CBI sought access to the database of the Unique Identification Authority of India for investigating a criminal offence. The Supreme Court in an interim order held that Unique Identification Authority of India should not transfer any biometric information of any person who has been allotted an Aadhaar number to any other agency without the written consent of that person.</li>\n	<li>S. Puttaswamy&nbsp;v. Union of India<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn20\">19</a>.&mdash; While considering constitutional challenge to Aadhaar Card Scheme of Union Government noted in its earlier order that norms for and compilation of demographic biometric data by Government was questioned on ground that it violates right to privacy. The question before the Court was whether right to privacy is guaranteed under the Constitution, and if it is, what is the source of such right, as there is no express provision for privacy in Indian Constitution. Finally, the matter was decided by a Bench of the Supreme Court comprising of nine Judges, holding that there is a fundamental right to privacy in the Constitution of India.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>The judgment overruled the decisions in&nbsp;M.P. Sharma&nbsp;v.&nbsp;Satish Chandra<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn21\">20</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;Kharak Singh&nbsp;v.&nbsp;State of U.P.<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn22\">21</a>&nbsp;In&nbsp;M.P. Sharma&nbsp;v.&nbsp;Satish Chandra,<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn23\">22</a>&nbsp;an eight-Judge Bench of the Supreme Court of India held that right to privacy is not protected by the Constitution of India. In&nbsp;Kharak Singh&nbsp;v.&nbsp;State of U.P.<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn24\">23</a>, the majority judgment in the matter held that right to privacy do not exist under the Constitution. Though the foundation for right to privacy as fundamental right was laid down by the minority judgment given by K. Subbarao, J. and K.C. Shah, J. in the present case. Where they recognised the right to privacy as a fundamental right under Articles 21<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn25\">24</a>&nbsp;and 19(1)(d)<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn26\">25</a>&nbsp;of the Constitution of India.</p>\n\n<p>The minority opinion along with the judgment of&nbsp;K.S. Puttaswamy&nbsp;v.&nbsp;Union of India<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn27\">26</a>&nbsp;along is significant as &ldquo;right to privacy&rdquo; was explicated as a fundamental right in itself.</p>\n\n<h2>Applicability of the Bill <a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn28\">27</a></h2>\n\n<p>It is applicable to the data processing by the following:</p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li>The Government;</li>\n	<li>Companies incorporated in India;</li>\n	<li>Foreign companies dealing with personal data of individuals in India.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<h2>It is applicable to the following categories of information:</h2>\n\n<ol>\n	<li>Personal data&mdash; Data about or relating to a natural person who is directly or indirectly, identifiable, having regard to any characteristic, trait, attribute or any other feature of the identity of such natural person, or any combination of such features, with any other information. [Section 3(29)]</li>\n	<li>Sensitive personal data&mdash; It means personal data revealing, related to, or constituting to passwords, financial data, health data, sex life, etc. [Section 3(35)]</li>\n	<li>Critical personal data&mdash; A subset of personal data and will include such categories of personal data as may be notified by the Central Government.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<h2>Salient features of the PDP Bill<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn29\">28</a></h2>\n\n<ol>\n	<li>Obligations of data fiduciary<strong>&mdash;&nbsp;</strong>A data fiduciary is an entity or individual who decides the means and purpose of processing personal data. Such processing will be subject to certain purpose, collection and storage limitations. For instance, personal data can be processed only for specific, clear and lawful purpose. Additionally, all data fiduciaries must undertake certain transparency and accountability measures such as: (i) implementing security safeguards (such as data encryption and preventing misuse of data); and (ii) instituting grievance redressal mechanisms to address complaints of individuals. They must also institute mechanisms for age verification and parental consent when processing sensitive personal data of children.</li>\n	<li>Rights of the individual&mdash;The Bill sets out certain rights of the individual (or data principal). These include the right to: (i) obtain confirmation from the fiduciary on whether their personal data has been processed; (ii) seek correction of inaccurate, incomplete, or out-of-date personal data; (iii) have personal data transferred to any other data fiduciary in certain circumstances; and (iv) restrict continuing disclosure of their personal data by a fiduciary, if it is no longer necessary or consent is withdrawn.</li>\n	<li>Grounds for processing personal data&mdash;The Bill allows processing of data by fiduciaries only if consent is provided by the individual. However, in certain circumstances, personal data can be processed without consent. These include: (i) if required by the State for providing benefits to the individual; (ii) legal proceedings; (iii) to respond to a medical emergency.</li>\n	<li>Social media intermediaries&mdash;The Bill defines these to include intermediaries which enable online interaction between users and allow for sharing of information. All such intermediaries which have users above a notified threshold, and whose actions can impact electoral democracy or public order, have certain obligations, which include providing a voluntary user verification mechanism for users in India.</li>\n	<li>Data Protection Authority&mdash;The Bill sets up a Data Protection Authority which may: (i) take steps to protect interests of individuals; (ii) prevent misuse of personal data; and (iii) ensure compliance with the Bill. It will consist of a Chairperson and six members, with at least 10 years&rsquo; expertise in the field of Data Protection and Information Technology. Orders of the Authority can be appealed to an Appellate Tribunal. Appeals from the Tribunal will go to the Supreme Court.</li>\n	<li>Transfer of data outside India&mdash;Sensitive personal data may be transferred outside India for processing if explicitly consented to by the individual, and subject to certain additional conditions. However, such sensitive personal data should continue to be stored in India. Certain personal data notified as critical personal data by the Government can only be processed in India.</li>\n	<li>Exemptions: The Central Government can exempt any of its agencies from the provisions of the Act: (i) in interest of security of State, public order, sovereignty and integrity of India and friendly relations with foreign States; and (ii) for preventing incitement to Commission of any cognizable offence (i.e. arrest without warrant) relating to the above matters. Processing of personal data is also exempted from provisions of the Bill for certain other purposes such as: (i) prevention, investigation, or prosecution of any offence; or (ii) personal, domestic; or (iii) journalistic purposes. However, such processing must be for a specific, clear and lawful purpose, with certain security safeguards.</li>\n	<li>Offences under the Bill include: (i) processing or transferring personal data in violation of the Bill, punishable with a fine of Rs 15 crore or 4% of the annual turnover of the fiduciary, whichever is higher; and (ii) failure to conduct a data audit, punishable with a fine of five crore rupees or 2% of the annual turnover of the fiduciary, whichever is higher. Reidentification and processing of deidentified personal data without consent is punishable with imprisonment of up to three years, or fine, or both.</li>\n	<li>Sharing of non-personal data with Government&mdash;The Central Government may direct data fiduciaries to provide it with any: (i) non-personal data; and (ii) anonymised personal data (where it is not possible to identify data principal) for better targeting of services.</li>\n	<li>Amendments to other laws&mdash;&nbsp;The Bill amends the Information Technology Act, 2000 to delete the provisions related to compensation payable by companies for failure to protect personal data.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<h2>Status of the Bill</h2>\n\n<p>The Bill was introduced in Parliament in December 2019 afterwards it was referred to a Joint Parliamentary Committee for detailed examination, and the report was expected by&nbsp;the Budget Session, 2020.<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn30\">29</a> Many extensions were sought by the Committee and the final Bill was expected to be tabled in Parliament in the Budget Session, 2021 after incorporating the suggestions of the Committee.<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn31\">30</a>&nbsp;The Parliamentary Committee examining the Personal Data Protection Bill has recommended 89 amendments to the proposed legislation, including changing its title and schedule, the panel&rsquo;s Chairperson Meenakshi Lekhi.<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn32\">31</a>&nbsp;The report including these recommendations is yet to be released. Latest status of the Bill is that the panel&rsquo;s Chairperson Meenakshi Lekhi moved a motion in Parliament during the Budget Session seeking extension up to the Monsoon Session of Parliament for the 30-member panel to submit its report. &ldquo;That this House do extend up to the first week of Monsoon Session, 2021 of Parliament the time for presentation of the report of the Joint Committee on the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019,&rdquo; the motion read. It was passed by a voice vote.<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn33\">32</a></p>\n\n<h2>Conclusion</h2>\n\n<p>With the rise in usage of data and internet, the need to have a comprehensive law protecting people&rsquo;s fundamental right to privacy has been realised, it is vital to have protective mechanism in order to deal with instances of data protection and privacy infringement in India. It is very crucial for the Government to stick with the proposed timeline in revising and passing the law. The legitimate aims of the State would include for instance, protecting national security, preventing and investigating crime, encouraging innovation and the spread of knowledge, and preventing the dissipation of social welfare benefits. These were matters of policy to be considered by the Union Government while designing a carefully structured regime for the protection of data<a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftn34\">33</a>. PDP Bill is a step in the direction to achieve these goals.</p>\n\n<p><strong>About the Author: Gurleen Kaur is an Associate at Seraphic Advisors, Advocates &amp; Solicitors in New Delhi.</strong></p>\n\n<hr />\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref2\" target=\"_blank\">1</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/data-protection-bill-can-it-ensure-your-privacy-online/65815/1\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/data-protection-bill-can-it-ensure-your-privacy-online/65815/1</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref3\" target=\"_blank\">2</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/91Brhvd7\" target=\"_blank\">(2017) 10 SCC 1, 509-510</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref4\" target=\"_blank\">3</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/A3yGRo3e\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/A3yGRo3e</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref5\" target=\"_blank\">4</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/QFpg4Fi0\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/QFpg4Fi0</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref6\" target=\"_blank\">5</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/hyzHNFyG\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/hyzHNFyG</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref7\" target=\"_blank\">6</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/d1eFdtzX\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/d1eFdtzX</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref8\" target=\"_blank\">7</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/XiSCXTmY\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/XiSCXTmY</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref9\" target=\"_blank\">8</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/V27Mnjwd\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/V27Mnjwd</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref10\" target=\"_blank\">9</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/eGSS4AH0\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/eGSS4AH0</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref11\" target=\"_blank\">10</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/9c1ux2GV\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/9c1ux2GV</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref12\" target=\"_blank\">11</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/A2XAc4cm\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/A2XAc4cm</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref13\" target=\"_blank\">12</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/XgAivy4p\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/XgAivy4p</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref14\" target=\"_blank\">13</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/Wk1w7Fnv\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/Wk1w7Fnv</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref15\" target=\"_blank\">14</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/y587uE3Q\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/y587uE3Q</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref16\" target=\"_blank\">15</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/e429yiwY\" target=\"_blank\">(1975) 2 SCC 148</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref17\" target=\"_blank\">16</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/2E89q2fb\" target=\"_blank\">(1997) 1 SCC 301</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref18\" target=\"_blank\">17</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/GOIb9dz6\" target=\"_blank\">(2010) 7 SCC 263</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref19\" target=\"_blank\">18</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/vyrX081N\" target=\"_blank\">(2017) 7 SCC 157</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref20\" target=\"_blank\">19</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/91Brhvd7\" target=\"_blank\">(2017) 10 SCC 1, 509-510</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref21\" target=\"_blank\">20</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/68mt5dT9\" target=\"_blank\">1954 SCR 1077</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref22\" target=\"_blank\">21</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/FD3qAsEl\" target=\"_blank\">(1964) 1 SCR 332</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref23\" target=\"_blank\">22</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/68mt5dT9\" target=\"_blank\">1954 SCR 1077&nbsp;</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref24\" target=\"_blank\">23</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/FD3qAsEl\" target=\"_blank\">(1964) 1 SCR 332</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref25\" target=\"_blank\">24</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/VN1u87S9\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/VN1u87S9</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref26\" target=\"_blank\">25</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/74roly04\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/74roly04</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref27\" target=\"_blank\">26</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/A3yGRo3e\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/A3yGRo3e</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref28\" target=\"_blank\">27</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://www.meity.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Personal_Data_Protection_Bill,2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.meity.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Personal_Data_Protection_Bill,2018.pdf</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref29\" target=\"_blank\">28</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/A3yGRo3e\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/A3yGRo3e</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref30\" target=\"_blank\">29</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://www.prsindia.org/theprsblog/personal-data-protection-bill-2019-all-you-need-know\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.prsindia.org/theprsblog/personal-data-protection-bill-2019-all-you-need-know</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref31\" target=\"_blank\">30</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://www.business-standard.com/budget/article/budget-2021-personal-data-protection-bill-likely-to-be-tabled-in-parl-120100400544_1.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.business-standard.com/budget/article/budget-2021-personal-data-protection-bill-likely-to-be-tabled-in-parl-120100400544_1.html</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref32\" target=\"_blank\">31</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/parliamentary-panel-examining-personal-data-protection-bill-recommends-89-changes/articleshow/80138488.cms\" target=\"_blank\">https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/parliamentary-panel-examining-personal-data-protection-bill-recommends-89-changes/articleshow/80138488.cms</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref33\" target=\"_blank\">32</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/joint-committee-on-data-protection-bill-gets-another-extension-to-submit-report/articleshow/81686245.cms\" target=\"_blank\">https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/joint-committee-on-data-protection-bill-gets-another-extension-to-submit-report/articleshow/81686245.cms</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/06/15/protection-of-personal-data/#_ftnref34\" target=\"_blank\">33</a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/data-protection-bill-can-it-ensure-your-privacy-online/65815/1\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/data-protection-bill-can-it-ensure-your-privacy-online/65815/1</a></p>\n','1663938242.jpg','16639382421.jpg','',0,'1'),(23,'2022-08-09 11:03:32','2022-05-08','Taking Flight: The Drone Rules','taking-flight-the-drone-rules','Gurleen Kaur','Unmanned Aircraft Systems (“UAS”), commonly known as Drones, offer tremendous benefits to almost all sectors of the economy like – agriculture, mining, infrastructure, surveillance, emergency response, transportation, geo-spatial mapping, defence, law enforcement, etc. To regulate the usage of these UAS’, the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) published the Unmanned Aircraft System Rules in March 2021.','<h2>Introduction:</h2>\n<p>Unmanned Aircraft Systems (&ldquo;UAS&rdquo;), commonly known as Drones, offer tremendous benefits to almost all sectors of the economy like &ndash; agriculture, mining, infrastructure, surveillance, emergency response, transportation, geo-spatial mapping, defence, law enforcement, etc.[1] To regulate the usage of these UAS&rsquo;, the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) published the Unmanned Aircraft System Rules in March 2021. After taking into consideration the suggestions and objections by the stakeholders the rules were perceived to be restrictive as they involved considerable paperwork, required permissions for every drone flight, and very few &ldquo;free to fly&rdquo; green zones were available. Based on the feedback, the Government notified the liberalized drone Rules, 2021 in August 2021. These rules were made in supersession to Unmanned Aircraft System Rules, 2021 by rectifying the inconsistencies in the UAV Rules, 2021.</p>\n<h2>Features of the Rules:</h2>\n<h2>1.Applicability of the Rules:</h2>\n<p>Under Rule 2(1) it is provided that the Rules apply to all persons owning or possessing, or engaged in leasing, operating, transferring, or maintaining an Unmanned Aircraft System (Drone) in India and all drones that are registered in India or being operated for the time being, in or over India. Rule 2(3) clarifies that it does not apply to drones used by the naval, military, or air forces of the Union.</p>\n<h2>2.Online Portal for Management:</h2>\n<p>Rule 3(g) defines Digital Sky Platform which has been established as an online platform hosted by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (\"DGCA\"), for the management of various drone-related activities in India.</p>\n<h2>3.Meaning of Drones:</h2>\n<p>Under Rule 3(i) a drone has been defined as an unmanned aircraft system, and Rule 3(zb) states that a UAS is an aircraft that can operate autonomously or can be operated remotely without a pilot on board.</p>\n<p>Drones have been classified under Rule 5 based on the maximum all-up weight including payload as under:</p>\n<p>(a)Nano Drone: Less than or equal to 250 grams.</p>\n<p>(b)Micro Drone: Greater than 250 grams and less than or equal to 2 kilograms. (c)Small Drone: Greater than 2 kilograms and less than or equal to 25 kilograms.</p>\n<p>(d)Medium Drone: Greater than 25 kilograms and less than or equal to 150 kilograms; and</p>\n<p>(e)Large Drone: Greater than 150 kilograms. Rule 2(2) clarifies that in case, the weight is more than 500 kilograms, the provisions of the Aircraft Rules, 1937 shall apply instead of the drone Rules.</p>\n<h2>4.Mandate of general registration:</h2>\n<p>Rule 14 mandates the registration of individual drones on the Digital Sky Platform and obtaining a Unique Identification Number (\"UIN\"). The Rules further mandate registration of existing UAS. It states that a person, who owns a drone, manufactured in India or imported into India on or before the 30th day of November 2021, to make within thirty-one days falling after the said date, an application for a UIN.</p>\n<h2>5.Requirement of Certification:</h2>\n<p>On Conjoint reading of Rule 6 and Rule 8, a certificate must be required to obtain a type certificate for any particular type of drone from the Director-General (\"DG\") or any entity authorized by DG, on the recommendation of the Quality Council of India or an authorized testing entity, to operate the drone.</p>\n<p>However, the exemption has been provided under Rule 13 for:</p>\n<p>A.for manufacturing or importing an unmanned aircraft system.</p>\n<p>B.operating a model remotely piloted aircraft system or a nano UAS.</p>\n<h2>6.Procedure to obtain certification</h2>\n<p>Rule 9 provides that to obtain certification a person shall apply on the Digital Sky Platform in Form D-1. Once the proposal is applied it is examined by the Quality Council of India (\"QCI\") or an authorized testing entity and the testing entity then submit the test report along with its recommendations to the Director-General within sixty days from the date of receipt of the application. Based on the test report along with the recommendations received by the testing entity, the Director-General shall issue to the applicant a type certificate for the specific type of unmanned aircraft system within fifteen days of receiving such test report.</p>\n<h2>7.Drone Operations</h2>\n<p>The Rules give power to the Central Government to segregate the entire airspace of India into 3 zones- red, yellow, and green zones.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>The three zones have been defined under Rule 3(l) as follows:</p>\n<h3>Green Zone (Permissible Zone)</h3>\n<p>The airspace of defined dimensions above the land areas or territorial waters of India, up to a vertical distance of 400 feet or 120 meters that has not been designated as a red zone or yellow zone in the airspace map for UAS operations; and the airspace up to a vertical distance of 200 feet or 60 meters above the area located between a lateral distance of 8 kilometers and 12 kilometers from the perimeter of an operational airport.</p>\n<h3>Yellow zone (Intermediate zone)</h3>\n<p>The airspace of defined dimensions above India\'s land areas or territorial waters within which UAS operations are restricted shall require permission from the concerned air traffic control authority. The airspace above 400 feet or 120 meters in the designated green zone and the airspace above 200 feet or 60 meters in the area located between the lateral distance of 8 kilometers and 12 kilometers from the perimeter of an operational airport.</p>\n<h3>Red Zone (No-Fly Zone)</h3>\n<p>The airspace of defined dimensions, above India&rsquo;s land areas or territorial waters, or any installation or notified port limits specified by the Central Government beyond the territorial waters of India, within which UAS operations shall be permitted only by the Central Government.&nbsp;</p>\n<h2>8.Mandatory Reporting of an accident under Rule 30:</h2>\n<p>The Rules also mandate reporting an accident involving the drones, within 48 hours to the DG through the Platform.</p>\n<h2>9.Remote Pilot License:</h2>\n<p>Part VI of the rules provides provisions for Remote Pilot License. Rule 30 limits the operation of a drone by any person other than a holder of a valid Remote Pilot Licence (RPL) enlisted on the Platform. Though rule 36 provides an exemption from the mandate of RPL by stating that an RPL is not required for a person operating a nano drone or operating a micro-drone for non-commercial purposes.</p>\n<h2>10.Eligibility for the RPL under Rule 33:</h2>\n<p>To be eligible for the RPL the following criteria need to be fulfilled:</p>\n<p>a)not less than eighteen years of age and not more than sixty-five years of age;</p>\n<p>b)have passed class tenth or its equivalent examination from a recognized Board;</p>\n<p>c)have completed the training prescribed by the DG for the applicable class of remote pilot license from an authorized remote pilot training organization.</p>\n<h2>11.Offenses &amp; Penalties:</h2>\n<p>Any contravention of the Rules is a punishable offense under the Rules. However, under Rule 49 a defence has been provided, in case any contravention or failure to comply with the Rules is proved to have been caused due to factors or circumstances, such as the stress of weather or other unavoidable cause or circumstances, beyond the control of such person or without his knowledge or fault. In addition to this, a penalty of up to a maximum of one lakh rupees under Section 10A Aircraft Act, 1934 may be imposed.&nbsp;</p>\n<h2>Foreign Operators:</h2>\n<p>The rules are silent regarding the validity of the operation of drones by foreigners. Though on a conjoint reading of Rule 14, 15, and Form D-2 where Indian Passport number is required to file form D-2 for registration of UIN. It can be inferred that foreigners are currently not allowed to fly drones in India.</p>\n<h2>Conclusion:</h2>\n<p>The rules amount to be a crucial development in the regulation of drones in India brought by the Civil Aviation Ministry to date. A statement passed by the Civil Aviation Ministry stated that the Liberalised rules &ldquo;will tremendously help start-ups and our youth working in this sector. It will open up new possibilities for innovation &amp; business. It will help leverage India&rsquo;s strengths in innovation, technology &amp; engineering to make India a drone hub&rdquo;.[2] Civil Aviation Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia at a news conference stated &ldquo;We want to create a strong Drone ecosystem in India. This policy will eliminate all unnecessary operational and entry barriers. We aim to make India a hub for Drones by 2030,\"[3] &ldquo;Digital sky platform shall be developed as a user-friendly, single-window system. There will be a minimal human interface, and most permissions will be self-generated.\"[4] In the regime of drone Regulation, the most important role is to be played by the regulation and the control of Digital Sky, the self-regulatory software developed by the Ministry to govern drones in India. However, thccess of self-regulation and non-intrusive monitoring will depend on the effective functioning of the platform.</p>\n<p><strong>About the Author: Gurleen Kaur is an Associate at Seraphic Advisors, Advocates &amp; Solicitors in New Delhi. </strong></p>\n<hr style=\"border-color:#5c002e;\">\n<p>1 &nbsp;<a href=\"https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1749154\">https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1749154</a></p>\n<p>2 Ibid</p>\n<p>3 <a href=\"https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/govt-eases-rules-for-Drone-operations-101630011996284.html\">https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/govt-eases-rules-for-Drone-operations-101630011996284.html</a></p>\n<p>4 https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ministry-of-civil-aviation-notifies-liberalized-Drone-rules-2021-11629969569226.html</p>','1663937421.jpg','16639374211.jpg','',0,'1'),(25,'2022-11-03 10:09:42','2022-08-31','Whose Script Is It: A Legal Perspective','whose-script-is-it-a-legal-perspective','Mayank Grover and Ankita Panda','Copyright protection is required for the written script and screenplay authored by scriptwriters and lyricists. Screenplays or scripts are the blueprint for a movie, television show, digital media etc. The owner of copyright isn\'t always the one who came up with the concept, but rather the one who puts it into action, such as authoring a book, producing a film, OTT or television show.','<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Copyright protection is required for the written script and screenplay authored by scriptwriters and lyricists. Screenplays or scripts are the blueprint for a movie, television show, digital media etc. The owner of copyright isn&#39;t always the one who came up with the concept, but rather the one who puts it into action, such as authoring a book, producing a film, OTT or television show.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Recently, a Bollywood movie produced by Dharma Productions titled &lsquo;Jug Jugg Jeeyo&rsquo;, was faced with a copyright infringement suit (Vishal Singh v. Dharma Productions Pvt. Ltd. &amp; Ors.[1]) filed by a Ranchi-based scriptwriter, Vishal Singh before a commercial court in Ranchi, few days prior to its release in theatres on June 24, 2022. The plaintiff alleged that his story &lsquo;Bunny Rani&rsquo;, which he had emailed to Dharma Productions on February 17, 2020 and also registered with the Screenwriters Association was copied by them without authorisation from him. He therefore sought damages of Rs.1.5 crores for copyright violation and an interim order to stay the release of the film. The Ranchi Court by its order dated June 23, 2022 declined to grant ad-interim injunction to stay the release of the movie on the ground that the claim had been filed after seeing the short trailer of the film, basis which it was not possible to reach a conclusion about similarity between the plaintiff&rsquo;s one-page story and the 150 minutes story and picturisation of the movie. Therefore, considering the amount spent by the defendants on the production of the movie and creation of third party rights (in favour of Viacom 18 Media Pvt. Ltd. and others) the Court decided that the balance of convenience lies in favour of the defendants and irreparable loss may be caused to them if the release of the movie is injuncted.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lets examine the applicable law on the subject.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">WHAT IS SCRIPT COPYRIGHT AND HOW DOES IT WORK?</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A script copyright protects an author&#39;s original works, such as scripts and screenplays, and falls under the umbrella of intellectual property rights. This means that a copyright for a script or a screenplay protects the work that has been written. However, it does not protect the broad notion or idea of the subject of conversation, themes, narratives, historical or legend facts. Copyright only exists in the form of a material object into which thoughts are transferred.</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">WHOSE IDEA WAS IT IN THE FIRST PLACE?</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is critical to remember that the owner of the copyright is not the inventor of the concept (R.G. Anand v. Deluxe Films[2]). The individual who gives the concept concrete shape- writes a book, develops a film etc. owns the copyright. Where the theme is the same but is presented and treated differently so that the subsequent work becomes a completely new work, no question of violation of copyright arises.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Even if the concept is unique, there is no guarantee of copyright. Unless he is also the author of the work, the inventor of the bright idea is not the owner of the copyright in the work (Donogue v. Allied Newspaper[3]). Copyright will only exist if one is the creator of the work, not only the inventor of that concept, regardless of if the idea is original. As a result, the Screenwriters Association steps in to assist in the registration of the script/lyrics before it is presented to the producers, directors, production house, and so on.</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">WHEN DOES THE SCRIPT PASS INTO THE HANDS OF SOMEONE ELSE?</h2>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Unless otherwise agreed, the employer is the initial owner of the copyright in a work created during the author&#39;s employment under a contract of service or apprenticeship.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the case of a written assignment.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">If your script is discovered to be a third-party original work in which you are not the real proprietor.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">If the author notifies the Registrar of Copyrights that he or she wishes to abandon all or any of the rights in the work, or if a new amendment requires a public notice.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">If the copyright in the work has expired, the work is in the public domain, and use by another party does not constitute infringement. The general rule is that copyright is valid for a period of 60 years[4]. In the case of original literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works, the 60-year period begins the year after the author&#39;s death. The 60-year period begins with the date of publication for cinematograph work (films)[5], sound recordings[6], photographs[7], posthumous publications[8], anonymous and pseudonymous[9] publications, works of government, and works of international organisations.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">If the owner of a copyright dies intestate (without leaving a will), his personal representative or legal heirs inherit it[10].</li>\n</ul>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">WHAT IS THE MORAL RIGHT OF THE AUTHOR?</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Although not legally defined, the right to publish, the right to claim authorship, the right to prohibit alteration, and other actions that may hurt the author&#39;s reputation are all examples of moral rights. Even after the economic rights have been awarded, the writers have moral rights. The author&#39;s moral rights are separate from his copyright and remain with him even after the copyright has been assigned.</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">WHAT PROCEDURES ARE IN PLACE TO SECURE A SCRIPT?</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">To protect one&#39;s script and stories with copyright, one must first learn how to obtain one. There are copyright websites where you can either purchase copyright yourself or have someone else do it for you. If one has a basic understanding of how to obtain copyright, he or she can do so on their own.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">However, if one is unable to copyright their own content and safeguard their stories and scripts against copyright infringement: Go to <a href=\"https://copyright.gov.in/\">https://copyright.gov.in/</a> for more information.</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sign up for an account and log in.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Click on &quot;Click here for Online Copyright Registration&quot; to apply for an application in &quot;e-Filing of Application&quot;</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Make payment and wait for the status after completing the e-filing application for the relevant copyright.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">The status will be approved, and you will receive a certificate of registration. Online services can be used to check the status.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Print a copy of both response copies using the Diary Number.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Send the response copies, along with the acknowledgement slip and the story/script for which you desire copyright, to the address shown below along with the following documents:&nbsp;</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Two copies of the work if it has not yet been published. A confidential soft copy is maintained in the Registrar&#39;s office, while the other is returned. Share three copies of the work if it has been published.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Author&#39;s No-Objection Certificate and a self-declaration that all information provided is truthful to the author&#39;s knowledge.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">If the work is published, a No-Objection Certificate from the publisher is required.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">A power of attorney signed by the owner if the application was filed by an attorney.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Continue to check the status of your application using the diary number under &lsquo;Status of the Application&rsquo;.&nbsp;</li>\n</ul>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">IS IT PRICEY TO REGISTER? OR IS IT OBLIGATORY?</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is not necessary to register your script or artistic creation. Copyright is automatically acquired when a website is created. The certificate of registration of copyright, on the other hand, provides prima facie evidence in court in case of a dispute over copyright ownership. As a result, registering your work protects your rights and is a preventative measure rather than a legal requirement.</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">THE SCREENWRITERS ASSOCIATION&nbsp;</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Screenwriters Association was formerly known as the Film Writers&#39; Association. This is a recognised Trade Union for all script writers and lyricists which was founded by screenwriters. Its name was changed to Screenwriters Association (SWA) in 2016. Authors interested in working as scriptwriters can join the SWA to protect their work from piracy. The stated objective of the SWA is to regulate the relationship of its members with producer bodies and other assignees through collective bargaining via Minimum Basic Contracts for film and TV and digital media.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Membership of the SWA is meant for screenwriters who reside in India, including writers and lyricists writing for films, TV, audio formats, digital media or any new media.[11] The Screenwriters Association also registers, through its office &amp; website - the scripts, lyrics, stories written by its members. This service safeguards the copyright of a SWA member.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The SWA lays out a number of principles for young writers to follow, which include:</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Draft a production &amp; reader friendly screenplay which is ready to go into production stage.&nbsp;</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Register all the drafts of synopsis/story/script/screenplay/dialogue, at every stage of rewrite before sharing it professionally.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Before signing a contract, negotiate the price with the production house.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Don&#39;t write without a contract. Doing so gives no protection - legal, monetary or otherwise.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Insist on a &lsquo;Non-Disclosure Agreement&rsquo; (NDA) from Producers / Production Houses / Channels for narrations and on recording the meeting.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Don&rsquo;t plagiarise.&nbsp;</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Don&#39;t give away the first draft of the screenplay to Production Houses.&nbsp;</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Email soft-copies of the registered script/work to producers, unless they insist on a hard copy.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">If there exists a clause in the Agreement which prohibits approaching SWA in case of a dispute, refrain from signing it.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Don&#39;t wait for your scheduled payments. If the Producer starts delaying payments, take the help of SWA&rsquo;s Dispute Settlement Sub-Committee&nbsp;(DSC) which is a quasi-legal body set up for the sole purpose of mediation and conciliation between SWA members and producers/employers.&nbsp;</li>\n</ul>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">WHAT TO DO IF A SCRIPT IS PLAGIARISED?</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If a script or screenplay is proved to be plagiarised, the owner can pursue both civil and criminal remedies.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Civil remedies:</strong></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">These are extensively detailed in Sections 52-55 of the Copyright Act, 1957. An owner is entitled to all legal remedies such as injunctions, profit related damages and other legal remedies described below:&nbsp;</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Interlocutory Injunction: The most well-known remedy for restraining an infringer is to seek an injunction to prevent the infringer from continuing the offence. The plaintiff may be granted an injunction preventing the defendant from selling or possessing the infringing copies. In most circumstances, if the defendant establishes that he had a good purpose to occupy such copies, the plaintiff may not even be compensated. If no reasonable ground exists, the defendant must compensate the plaintiff for the amount paid in part or in full for the actual losses.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the matter of Gramophone Co. of India Ltd. v. Mars Recording Pvt. Ltd, the defendant began producing audio cassettes of the Gramophone Company&#39;s musical audio after complying with Section 52(1)(j) of the Copyright Act, 1957. In response to a threat that the audio cassettes would be seized by the police, the defendant approached the City Civil Court, Bangalore for a temporary injunction against the plaintiff, which was granted and later affirmed by the High Court of Karnataka. However, the Supreme Court set aside the orders of the Trial Court and High Court on the ground that the true controversy can be decided subsequent to the parties laying the factual foundation in their respective pleadings (not merely basis the plaint) and in absence thereof, to proceed to grant any temporary injunction or to decide the matter would be hazardous. It was also directed that the two suits filed by the parties before the High Court of Calcutta and before the City Civil Court, Bangalore should be tried together and accordingly, the suit pending in the High Court of Calcutta was transferred to the City Civil Court, Bangalore.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Anton Pillar Order: In a certain situation, the Court may issue an ex-parte order directing the defendant to enable the plaintiff and his counsel to visit his premises and take or remove copies for safekeeping. Such directions, however, are given with caution.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Profits related damages: Section 55 of the Copyright Act provides for remedies by way of damages and accounts in addition to injunctions. The remedy of injunction can be combined with either damages or accounts, but the remedies of accounts and damages cannot be granted in isolation.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Remedy in criminal court:</strong></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chapter XIII of the Copyright Act, 1957 outlines numerous criminal penalties for infringement of the owner&#39;s copies. The offence of infringement of copyright or other rights conferred by this Act is defined in Section 63 of the Act, which states that any person who wilfully abets the offence of copyright infringement in a work or in any other right granted by this statute, shall be punished with a term of imprisonment of not less than six months which may extend to three years, depending on the circumstances, as well as a fine of not less than Rs.50,000 but not more than Rs.2,00,000 based on the criminal liability of the offender.</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">WHAT DOES THE COPYRIGHT (AMENDMENT) ACT 2012 ENVISAGE ?</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The 2012 amendment reinforces the author&#39;s rights and specifies that in the case of a future work assignment, the assignment will only take effect when the work is completed. Furthermore, the author of a cinematograph film or sound recording may not delegate the right to obtain royalties in any manner other than as part of the film or sound recording.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The amendment also covers &#39;other factors&#39; or modalities of payment other than royalty due to the assignor, and the assignment should specify these considerations in such situations. There can be no generic assumptions if all rights are allocated in a clear and specified manner. Regardless of any copyright assignment, the writers shall have a right to claim royalties from the use of such work in the production of a cinematograph or sound recording.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The amendment also declares a copyright assignment void if it conflicts with the terms and conditions of a previous copyright assignment to a Copyright Society in which the work&#39;s author is a member.</p>\n\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">TO CONCLUDE</h2>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It takes a lot of time, creativity, inspiration and hard work to develop a script or tale. Copyright laws exist to protect an author&#39;s efforts in the form of scripts and stories. Copyright protection is important when an infringer tries to exploit a protected author&#39;s work for commercial gains without permission. The authors/owners of copyright can resort to civil and criminal remedies to safeguard their rights. The offence of copyright infringement has also been made stringent by the Supreme Court of India by recently pronouncing it as a cognizable and a non-bailable offence in the case of M/s Knit Pro International v. State of NCT of Delhi.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>About the Authors:&nbsp;Mayank Grover is a Partner at Seraphic Advisors, Advocates &amp; Solicitors in New Delhi and Ankita Panda is an Associate Legal Counsel at Tech Mahindra Ltd.</strong></p>\n\n<hr />\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. Commercial Suit No. 62/2022&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. AIR 1978 SC 1613</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. (1937) 3 Ch.&nbsp;D.&nbsp;503</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4. Section 22, The Copyright Act, 1957</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5. Section 26, The Copyright Act, 1957</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">6. Section 27, The Copyright Act, 1957</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">7. Section 25, The Copyright Act, 1957</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">8. Section 24, The Copyright Act, 1957</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">9. Section 23, The Copyright Act, 1957</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">10. Section 20, The Copyright Act, 1957</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">11.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://www.swaindia.org/blog/swa_membership_revised2019/\">SWA Membership (Revised, 2019) | SWA &ndash; Blog (swaindia.org)</a></p>\n','1667450382.jpg','16674503821.jpg','',0,'1'),(26,'2022-12-05 14:10:27','2022-11-24','Compulsory mediation vis-à-vis Commercial Courts Act: A positive step towards mediation','pre-litigation-mediation','Chirag Singla and Akash Kumar','The intention of the Legislature is clear from the moment Section 12A was introduced, however, owing to the different interpretations of High Courts, this amendment never got its teeth. By this judgment, the Hon’ble Supreme Court has given impetus to this Section by making it mandatory.','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>INTRODUCTION</strong></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">The Indian judicial system is overburdened with numerous cases which have a cascading effect&nbsp;on the entire country. Mechanisms like arbitration, mediation, conciliation, and negotiation can be used to attain the goal of expeditious and party-centric dispute resolution. To attain the goals, the Legislature has time and again tried to find ways to incorporate mediation with the existing recourse available to the parties in case of dispute settlement. One such example is the Commercial Courts Amendment Act, 2018. Here, the Legislature has made the pre-litigation mediation a mandatory step that needs to be exhausted before instituting a suit under the Commercial Courts Act. Pre-litigation mediation can be construed as an amicable process whereby the parties come together to settle their dispute with the aid of an impartial mediator before the institution of a suit.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">It is in this spirit that to facilitate the parties in expeditious resolution of disputes, a two-judge bench of the Supreme Court in the case of&nbsp;<strong>Patil Automation Pvt. Ltd. v. Rakheja Engineers Pvt. Ltd<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\" title=\"\"><strong>[1]</strong></a>&nbsp;</strong>upheld that the statutory pre-litigation mediation under Section 12A of the Commercial Courts Act, 2015 is mandatory and any suit instituted violating the mandate of Section 12A must be rejected.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>DECODING THE JUDGMENT</strong></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">In the case of&nbsp;<strong>Patil Automation Pvt. Ltd. v. Rakheja Engineers Pvt. Ltd</strong>. the respondent had filed a Suit for recovery before the Additional District Judge, Faridabad. The appellant filed an application contending that the suit was filed without adhering to Section 12A of the commercial Courts act. In reply, the respondent contested the matter contending that the suit was not barred for non-compliance with Section 12A of the Act. The seminal question which arose for consideration before the Court was whether the statutory Pre-litigation contemplated under Section 12A of the Commercial Courts Act, 2005 as amended by the Amendment Act of 2018 is mandatory. The Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court dealt with it in a two-fold manner.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><em><u>The object of the law and the legislative intent behind Section 12A</u></em></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">The Court examined the object and legislative intent behind Section 12A and read it with rule 3 which is made for the mediation process. The Court held that language of Section 12A and strict timelines as provided in the rule pointed out that the legislature intends to make mandatory in nature. The Court further emphasized the point that the language used in Section 12A is imperative in nature. Even by going through the sublime object of the Act, the Court fully reinforced its opinion that the pre-litigation mediation is intended to produce results, which has a direct bearing on the fulfillment of the noble goals of the Lawgiver. Moreover, the settlement under Section 12A of the Commercial Courts Act is accorded the status of an award under the Arbitration &amp; Conciliation Act, it unerringly points to the object of the legislature to make pre-litigation mediation compulsory.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><em><u>Whether the provision of Section 12A is mandatory in nature</u></em></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">To determine whether section 12A is mandatory, the Court relied on the case of&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Sharif-ud-Din v. Abdul Ghani Lone<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\" title=\"\"><strong>[2]</strong></a>.&nbsp;</strong>In this case, it has been held that, if the object of the law is defeated by non-compliance with the provision, then, it would be regarded as mandatory. In the present case if the pre-litigation mediation is not complied with then the whole object of the Amendment Act would be frustrated. Therefore, the Court declared that the provision of Section 12A of the Commercial Courts Act is mandatory in nature.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">The Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court, while dealing with the question of the mandatory nature of Section 12A, referred to the analogy drawn in the case of&nbsp;<strong>Bihari Chowdhary and Anr. v. State of Bihar and Ors<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\" title=\"\"><strong>[3]</strong></a></strong>&nbsp;and stated that since the pre-requisite for filing a suit against the government or public servant is mandatory by the grace of section 80 CPC therefore the pre-requisite for filing a suit under Commercial Courts Act must also be mandatory and 12A must be complied with before institution of a suit.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">The authors herein believe&nbsp;that the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court has erred in drawing the analogy from Section 80 of the Civil Procedure Code, which lays down the provision with respect to the mandatory notice given before the institution of a suit. The Court failed to realize that the interpretation given to Section 80 is with respect to the suit filed against the government and public officials. Whereas Section 12A of the Commercial Courts Act deals will commercial disputes which can also be between two private parties. The rationale behind the mandatory nature of the notice under section 80 of the Code of Civil Procedure is not apt for interpreting Section 12A of the Commercial Courts Act. The object behind the notice under section 80 is to provide an opportunity for the government or public officer to thoroughly investigate the legal proposition and settle the claim put forth by the plaintiff. The time of two months given under section 80, is to enable the government to assess the matter objectively and seek proper legal advice. The legislative intent behind this provision is to save the expenditure of the public exchequer and give apt time to the government to try and settle the claims and not to indulge in litigation thereby saving on public money and time. In the case of Section 12A of the Commercial Courts Act, the same analogy cannot be ascribed because the intent of mandatory nature of Section 80 is in furtherance of public money and time whereas, the intent of mandatory nature of Section 12A is with respect to expedite the resolution of the dispute and to ease the burden of the Courts.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Furthermore, the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court used the golden rule of interpretation, which is interpretation in conformity with the plain language to interpret the provision of Section 12A of the Commercial Courts Act.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Moreover, the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court also settled the legal position with respect to the manner in which Section 12A would operate. The Court held that amendment of Section 12A will be applied prospectively, however, this judgment would be effective from 20.08.2022 so that the stakeholders become completely aware. The Court also explained how certain situations would be dealt with. These situations are as follows:</p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">In case the plaint is rejected for non-compliance and no steps have been taken within limitation period, the matter cannot be reopened on basis of the prospective effect of this judgement.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">If upon rejection of plaint, a fresh suit has been filed the benefit of prospective effect of this judgement would not be available to the plaintiff.</li>\n	<li style=\"text-align:justify\">In case the jurisdictional High Court has already made Section 12A mandatory and a suit is filed without adhering to Section 12A, then this judgement would not be applicable.&nbsp; &nbsp;</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">While determining a similar question of law, the Delhi High Court, in the case of&nbsp;<strong>Bolt technology v. Ujoy Technology Pvt. Ltd<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\" title=\"\"><strong>[4]</strong></a></strong>&nbsp;placed reliance on the judgment of&nbsp;<strong>Patil Automation Pvt. Ltd. v. Rakheja Engineers Pvt. Ltd.&nbsp;</strong>on the point of object of the Act and how Section 12A would operate. The High Court concluded that an application under Order VII Rule 11 ought to be dismissed for non-compliance with the provision of Section 12A of the Commercial Courts Act unless the relief sought is urgent in nature.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>CONCLUSION</strong></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">The intention of the Legislature is clear from the moment Section 12A was introduced, however, owing to the different interpretations of High Courts, this amendment never got its teeth. By this judgment, the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court has given impetus to this Section by making it mandatory. The Court has also held how the Section would apply prospectively and explained certain situations. This new strategy aims to handle a problem at its early stage by preventing a conflict from progressing to the point where a lawsuit ever needs to be launched.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>About the Authors: Chirag Singla is an Associate and Akash Kumar is an intern at Seraphic Advisors, Advocates &amp; Solicitors, New Delhi.</strong></p>\n\n<div>\n<hr />\n<div id=\"ftn1\">\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\" title=\"\">[1]</a>&nbsp;Patil Automation Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Rakheja Engineers Pvt. Ltd.,&nbsp;<em>2022 SCC OnLine SC 1028</em>, decided on 17.08.2022.</p>\n</div>\n\n<div id=\"ftn2\">\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\" title=\"\">[2]</a>&nbsp;Sharif-ud-Din Vs. Abdul Ghani Lone,&nbsp;<em>(1980) 1 SCC 403</em></p>\n</div>\n\n<div id=\"ftn3\">\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\" title=\"\">[3]</a>&nbsp;Bihari Chowdhary and Anr. vs. State of Bihar and Ors.,&nbsp;<em>(1984) 2 SCC 627</em></p>\n</div>\n\n<div id=\"ftn4\">\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\" title=\"\">[4]</a>&nbsp;Bolt Technology Vs. Ujoy Technology Pvt. Ltd., Delhi High Court,&nbsp;<em>CS (COMM) 582 of 2022</em>.&nbsp;</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n','1670229627.jpg','1671441098.jpg','',0,'1'),(27,'2022-12-05 14:45:58','2022-11-16','Enforcing Foreign Arbitral Awards in India- Is the tide turning?','enforcing-foreign-arbitral-awards-in-india','Mayank Grover and Chirag Singla','Enforcing a foreign arbitral award in another jurisdiction may become a long and tedious process, where the Award Holder may be required to cross hurdles created by domestic laws of the country.','<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Enforcing a foreign arbitral award in another jurisdiction may become a long and tedious process, where the Award Holder may be required to cross hurdles created by domestic laws of the country. Although India has adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law, the Legislature has been amending the Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (&lsquo;<strong>Arbitration Act</strong>&rsquo;) from time to time. The enforcement process can become cumbersome and protracted in India, since the statute provides for an appeal before the jurisdictional Court and special leave to appeal before the Supreme Court of India. However, the tide has been turning into a favorable one, where the Courts do not sit over an award as an Appellate Court but as an Enforcing Court.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">This article delves into recent challenges which have been raised against enforcement of&nbsp;&nbsp; foreign awards but have been turned down by courts.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">In <a href=\"https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/aircon-beibars-fze-vsheligo-charters-private-limited-410072.pdf\">Aircon Beibars FZE</a> (UAE Entity) v. Heligo Charters Private Limited (Indian Entity), [2022 SCC OnLine Bom 329 decided on 17.02.2022],a petition was filed before the Bombay High Courtfor recognition and enforcement of a foreign arbitral award (passed under the rules of SIAC) under Sections 47 and 49 of the Arbitration Act. The dispute emerged from a Lease Agreement of a helicopter. As per the Lease Agreement, payments were to be made in intervals, however, the respondent failed to honor its obligation. The parties then entered into a Settlement Agreement providing settlement of the outstanding sum and for the sale of the leased helicopter. Again, respondent did not adhere to the Settlement Agreement, thereafter, petitioner terminated the Settlement Agreement and invoked arbitration. The Arbitral Tribunal awarded the full price of the helicopter (which was not originally provided in the Lease Agreement) in favor of the petitioner. The often-used ground of &ldquo;<em>contrary to public policy of India</em>&rdquo; was relied upon by the respondent to avoid the execution of the award. The respondent contended that awarding the full price of the helicopter is contrary to the public policy of India as it will violate Indian law. The other argument raised was that,a part of the award is unreasoned which is a violation of the principle of natural justice and against the most basic notions of morality &amp; justice, therefore, contrary to public policy. The respondent also argued that they were unable to defend the amended claim which changed the nature of the claim. The High Court, however, brushed aside all the arguments raised by the respondent, holding that the award was not such as to constitute a violation of the fundamental policy of Indian law.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">The Court held that it is not for the Enforcing Court to consider arguments on merits; entering into the question of the contractual intent of the settlement deed, would be entering upon the merits of the dispute which is impermissible for this Court. Further, awarding the price of the helicopter is not contrary to the public policy of India. The Court also held that misapplication of any statute should be brought before the Court before whom the award is challenged and not before an Enforcing Court. &nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">As for the argument of not being able to defend the amended claim, the Court held thatthe respondent&rsquo;s counsel gave no objection when the amendment was brought, thus the respondent had waived the objection. The Court also held that the respondent should have sought time to defend the amended claim and not have proceeded with the trial. Further, the Court opined that the respondent is bringing the agreement under the scope of Section 48(1)(b) of the Arbitration Act, in as much as the Respondent was <em>&ldquo;otherwise unable to present its case&rdquo;</em> (the other ground to refuse the enforcement of an award); however, there was no reason to believe that the submissions of the respondent were not advanced before the Arbitral Tribunal.&nbsp; &nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">As for the argument that some part of the award is not reasoned, the Court held that extent of quality or sufficiency of reasoning or insufficient reasoning is not within the scope of Enforcing Court. The Court was of the view that this argument would require entering the merits of the dispute which is beyond the consideration of Enforcing Court.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">The upshot of the whole discussion is that the ground of &ldquo;<em>contrary to public policy of India</em>&rdquo; cannot be used as an omnibus argument for avoiding the enforcement of an award.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">The other recent pronouncement on the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, was in the case of <a href=\"https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/629347\">NCC Infrastructure Holdings Ltd.</a> (&lsquo;NCC&rsquo;) v. TAQA India Power Ventures Pvt. Ltd. (&lsquo;TAQA&rsquo;) [Arb. O.P. (Comm. Div.) 410 of 2021 decided on 11.01.2022] by the Madras High Court. Both parties were Indian entities who had agreed to administer the arbitration at the Singapore International Arbitration Centre. Some of the claims had been decided in favor of NCC while some were decided in favor of TAQA.Both parties were engaged in parallel proceedings before different High Courts. NCC had filed for enforcement of that part of the foreign award which was in its favour before the Madras High Court whereas TAQA had filed a similar petition before the Delhi High Court, prior in time. The objection raised by TAQA was that while proceedings for execution may be instituted in more than one court, however, proceedings for recognition and enforcement of foreign award should only be instituted in one court. Since Delhi High Court was already seized of the matter, therefore, proceedings before the Madras High Court were not maintainable.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">The Court, however, held that as per Section 47 of the Arbitration Act,&nbsp;<em>&ldquo;Court&rdquo;</em>&nbsp;has been specifically defined as the High Court having original jurisdiction to decide the questions forming the subject-matter of the arbitral award, if the same had been the subject matter of a suit on its original civil jurisdiction and thus, the foreign award can be enforced before this Court. This reasoning was based on the fact that TAQA is based out of Cuddalore (a place within the jurisdiction of Madras High Court) and that its assets were situated within the civil appellate jurisdiction of the Court; therefore, the award can be enforced against TAQA before this Court. The Court further held that instituting petitions for recognition and enforcement of a foreign award in more than one High Court is not, per se contrary to the public policy of India since the assets of the judgment debtor may lie within the jurisdiction of different High Courts.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Another ground raised for obstructing the enforcement of the foreign award was initiation of corporate insolvency resolution proceedings by the award holder against the judgment debtor before NCLT (National Company Law Tribunal) for failure to pay dues. NCLT had dismissed the petition holding that there exists a dispute between the parties and that NCC is not an operational creditor of TAQA. The High Court rejected this argument holding that grounds contained in Section 48 of the Arbitration Act are exhaustive in nature and relied upon the law laid down by the Supreme Court of India in Vijay Karia&amp;Ors. v. Prysmian Cavi E. Sistemi SRL &amp;Ors. [(2020) 11 SCC 1 decided on 13.02.2020]&nbsp;&nbsp; wherein it was directed that enforcement of a foreign award under Section 48 of the Arbitration Act may be refused only if the party resisting enforcement furnishes to the Court proof that any of the watertight grounds contained in Section 48 have been made out to resist enforcement and that the Court has the discretion to reject the resistance to enforcement, if made on grounds which only affect party interest.Thus, the foreign award was recognised and held to be enforceable as a decree of the Court.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">The location of the assets of the judgment debtor is the heart of every action initiated for recognition and enforcement of a foreign award. It is imperative that the foreign award holder ascertains the territory of the assets and thereafter, approach the appropriate High Court having territorial jurisdiction.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">The recent pro-enforcement perspective of Indian Courts has demonstrated a concerted effort to curtail judicial intervention in international arbitration awards, unless the award is inherently unenforceable. Thiswill bring Indian arbitration law in line with the best international practices.</p>\n\n<div>\n<hr /></div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>About the Authors: Mayank Grover is a Founding Partner and Chirag Singla is an Associate at Seraphic Advisors, Advocates &amp; Solicitors.</strong></p>\n','1670231839.png','1671441042.jpg','',0,'1'),(28,'2023-03-13 16:55:29','2023-03-13','Legal Recourse to a Crypto Dispute: Urgent Need of Adjudicating Authority','legal-recourse-to-a-crypto-dispute-urgent-need-of-adjudicating-authority','Chirag Singla','The world of cryptocurrency was caught off guard when FTX exchange, one of the world’s largest cryptocurrency exchanges filed a bankruptcy petition in the USA in November last year. This came as a shock because every crypto investor has a direct or indirect effect on their “crypto asset”.','<p>The world of cryptocurrency was caught off guard when FTX exchange, one of the world&rsquo;s largest cryptocurrency exchanges filed a bankruptcy petition in the USA in November last year. This came as a shock because every crypto investor has a direct or indirect effect on their &ldquo;crypto asset&rdquo;.</p>\n\n<p>There are about 1.15 crore people in India who have invested in cryptocurrencies and as per a survey of Indian crypto exchange average investment by an individual is around Rs. 9000 in India. All things kept in mind, it is necessary to know what legal remedy one has in case an FTX-like crash happens in India. As we all know, India does not have any legal framework regarding cryptocurrency like SEBI regulates the stock market, we have to find legal recourse in laws which are in force.</p>\n\n<p>Before we delve further, it may be noted that nomenclature of cryptocurrency is &ldquo;currency&rdquo; however, they are not &ldquo;currency&rdquo; as per existing Indian laws, at best they can be described as&nbsp;&ldquo;digital products&rdquo;&nbsp;or&nbsp;&ldquo;digital assets&rdquo;.</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;In this article, we are only looking at leading crypto exchanges in India (hereafter referred as &ldquo;exchanges&rdquo;). We will be dealing with their terms and conditions and what other legal recourse is available to an investor.</p>\n\n<p>T&amp;Cs are boring, lengthy and full of legal jargon, but the truth is that they are the only agreement between the user and the company.</p>\n\n<p>It may be revelation to some of us that many crypto exchanges are not even based in India i.e., they are not registered as a Company or LLC in India. This means any legal battle against them will be an uphill task. Interestingly, some of them are based in Singapore.</p>\n\n<p>Although every cryptocurrency exchange in India advertises themselves as a &ldquo;Top Exchange&rdquo;, however, if we dig deeper in their T&amp;C&rsquo;s, they actually consider themselves as &ldquo;merely a technology platform&rdquo;.</p>\n\n<p>Some of the top exchanges have a similar dispute resolution clause. Many exchanges provide for Conciliation, through which any user who has a grievance can send 60 days&rsquo; notice to the company to resolve their complaint.</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;However, most exchanges provide for an Arbitration Clause. In simple words, Arbitration is a procedure in which a dispute is submitted, by agreement of the parties, to one or more arbitrators who make a binding decision on the dispute. In choosing arbitration, the parties opt for a private dispute resolution procedure instead of going to court.</p>\n\n<p>Although India has its own Arbitration Act and several domestic/international arbitration centres, some exchanges prescribe that every dispute should be referred to Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC). For an investor, it is important to know that arbitration is an expensive process where there are different forms of fees like arbitrator&rsquo;s fee, administrative fee and lawyer&rsquo;s fee. For reference, the total fee for a dispute of a sum of under Rs. 30 lacs would be around 10,000 SGD in SIAC (approx. Rs. 6.5 lacs). It is a no-brainer that no small investor would opt for arbitration. These type of clauses are meant for larger businesses and not for individual investors. Clearly, the exchanges are showing their upper hand and dominant position while drafting such clauses to create hindrances for anyone who has a grievance against them.</p>\n\n<p>As some exchanges are based in Singapore, their T&amp;C provide filing of claims before Small Claims Tribunal, Singapore. The Tribunal can adjudicate dispute sum of up to 30,000 SGD (approx. Rs.18.5 Lacs). This clause may seem appropriate, however, it is not feasible for any Indian investor to approach the tribunal in Singapore.</p>\n\n<p>So, what&rsquo;s the recourse to a small investor who has not invested tens of lacs, well, that&rsquo;s when our current law comes into the frame. This is a point when we enter uncharted territory because our existing laws have not been tested against new-age technology disputes.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>In 2019, the new Consumer Protection Act came into force. The Legislature has added new facets to this law, one of which is defining what &ldquo;e-commerce&rdquo; means and further &ldquo;Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020&rdquo; were notified in 2020 which prohibit unfair trade practices on e-commerce platforms. Any aggrieved user can file a consumer complaint before one of the Commissions formed under the Act. However, it must be noted that there is no precedent either by any High Court or the Supreme Court of India whether such a complaint is maintainable or not.</p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;It must be noted that Presiding Officers in consumer courts may not be well versed with all the technological advances with respect to cryptocurrencies. For resolving any crypto disputes, it would be imperative to have a specific adjudicating Authority/ Tribunal with Presiding Officers having deep technical knowledge and aware of nitty-gritties of the crypto world.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>The one thing which is clear from the above discussion is that the Parliament needs to formulate a specific legislation to govern the crypto backed products and services and form an Authority/Tribunal, so that any dispute can be expeditiously and effectively decided. Until then, please invest carefully.</p>\n\n<p><strong>About the Author: Chirag Singla is an Associate at Seraphic Advisors, Advocates &amp; Solicitors in New Delhi.&nbsp;</strong></p>\n','1678706787.jpg','1678706857.jpg','',0,'1'),(29,'2023-07-28 11:08:13','2023-07-20','Primacy of Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code over Electricity Act','primacy-of-insolvency-bankruptcy-code-over-electricity-act','Mayank Grover & Pratibha Vyas','Supreme Court of India in a recent decision dated July 17, 2023 passed in Paschimanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd. (PVVNL) v. Raman Ispat Private Limited Ors. held that in terms of Section 238 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 the provisions of IBC shall override the Electricity Act, 2003 despite the latter containing\ntwo specific non-obstante clauses in Sections 173 and 174 of the Act.','<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:18px\">Supreme Court of India in a recent decision dated July 17, 2023 passed in <em>Paschimanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd. (PVVNL) v. Raman Ispat Private Limited &amp;&nbsp;Ors.</em> held that in terms of Section 238 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 the provisions of IBC shall override the Electricity Act, 2003 despite the latter containing two specific non-obstante clauses in Sections 173 and 174 of the Act.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><br />\n<span style=\"font-size:18px\">PVVNL approached the Supreme Court aggrieved by orders passed by NCLAT and NCLT, holding that the dues owed to PVVNL for supply of electricity shall be paid in accordance with the waterfall mechanism under Section 53 of IBC and allowed the release of attached properties of the Corporate Debtor- Raman Ispat. The Court held:</span><br />\n&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:18px\">1. The waterfall mechanism under Section 53 of the IBC provides for the order of distribution of assets wherein the hierarchy or order of priority accords government debts lower priority than dues owed to unsecured financial creditors. Debt owed to a secured creditor, whenever such secured creditor has relinquished security in the manner set out in Section 52 receives a fairly higher priority (immediately after the insolvency resolution process costs), whereas in other cases, when the secured creditor does not relinquish security, the priority of claim is lower in respect of any amount unpaid following the enforcement of security interest.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><br />\n<span style=\"font-size:18px\">2. Another feature is that the amounts due to the government are ranked in the same manner as those of secured creditors who do not relinquish their security interest. The rationale for placing secured creditors who relinquish their security, higher in priority, is found on a conjoint reading of Sections 52 and 53 of IBC. Thus, a secured creditor has to take a calculated decision, at the outset of the liquidation process, whether or not to relinquish its secured interest.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><br />\n<span style=\"font-size:18px\">3. In the <em>Rainbow Papers</em> case decided in 2022 [<em>State Tax Officer v. Rainbow Papers Ltd. 2022 SCC OnLine SC 1162</em>], Supreme Court held that by virtue of a security interest created in favour of the government for tax claims under the Gujarat Value Added Tax Act, 2003, tax authorities i.e., the government, was a secured creditor under IBC. If a resolution plan excluded such tax or statutory dues payable to the government, it would not be in conformity with the provisions of the IBC and as such, would not be binding on the State. Hence, reliance placed by PVVNL on the Rainbow Papers case was of no avail since waterfall mechanism was not taken into consideration.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><br />\n<span style=\"font-size:18px\">4. Even if PVVNL had government participation, that does not render it as government or a part of the State Government. Therefore, dues payable to PVVNL do not fall within the description of Section 53(1)(f) of IBC which&nbsp;provides for distribution of remaining debts and dues. The Hon&rsquo;ble Court&nbsp;dismissed the Appeal of PVVNL and directed the Liquidator to decide the claim of&nbsp;PVVNL and to process the same within 10 weeks from the date of the decision.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;</p>','1692851623.jpg','1693290909.jpg','',0,'1'),(31,'2023-09-20 17:21:39','2023-09-06','From not modifying to partially setting aside Arbitral Awards Delhi High Court clarifies','from-not-modifying-to-partially-setting-aside-arbitral-awards-delhi-high-court-clarifies','Mayank Grover & Pratibha Vyas','The Delhi High Court has held that when an Arbitral Award is challenged by the parties under Section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, the Court is not empowered to modify the award, but can partially set aside severable parts of the Arbitral Award.','<p>The Delhi High Court has held that when an Arbitral Award is challenged by the parties under Section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, the Court is not empowered to modify the award, but can partially set aside severable parts of the Arbitral Award.</p>\n\n<p>The decision in National Highways Authority of India v. Trichy Thanjavur Expressway&nbsp;Ltd. passed on August 21, 2023 follows the judgment rendered by the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in National Highways Authority of India v. M. Hakeem dated July 20, 2021</p>\n\n<p>The findings of the Court on partial setting aside of the award were:</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>The power originates from Section 34(2)(a)(iv) of the Arbitration Act. The proviso to Section 34(2)(a)(iv) is not only an acknowledgment of partial setting aside of the award but also indicates that parts of an award can be viewed as separate and distinct.</li>\n	<li>As long as the claim is not subordinate, in the sense of being entwined/independent of another claim, a decision rendered by the Arbitral Tribunal would constitute an award in itself.</li>\n	<li>It should not be contrary to the judgment of M. Hakeem which discussed modification of the award.</li>\n	<li>It should not lead to a component of the award being rendered vulnerable or unsustainable, and if so, it will fall under the ambit of modification of the award and will be in conflict with <em>M. Hakeem&#39;s</em> judgment.</li>\n	<li>If an award addresses multiple claims based on distinct facts, and each claim is separate, complete and self-contained, partial setting aside is allowed even if some claims are found invalid, while others stand valid.</li>\n</ul>\n','1695212147.jpg','16952121471.jpg','',0,'1'),(32,'2023-09-20 17:27:14','2023-08-22','Procedural Framework for insufficiently stamped Arbitration Agreements','procedural-framework-for-insufficiently-stamped-arbitration-agreements','Mayank Grover & Pratibha Vyas','The Delhi High Court has formulated the procedural framework to be followed after impounding insufficiently stamped arbitration agreements. The ruling was in light of the judgment rendered by a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court dated April 25, 2023 in N.N. Global Mercantile v. Indo Unique Flame Ltd.','<p>The Delhi High Court has formulated the procedural framework to be followed after impounding insufficiently stamped arbitration agreements. The ruling was in light of the judgment rendered by a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court dated April 25, 2023 in N.N. Global Mercantile v. Indo Unique Flame Ltd.</p>\n\n<p>In a recent decision in Splendor Landbase Ltd. v. Aparna Ashram Society &amp; Anr. on August 22, 2023, it was held:</p>\n\n<ol>\n	<li>With a properly stamped agreement, submitting a certified copy suffices, avoiding the need for the original instrument.</li>\n	<li>When addressing the application under Section 11 of the Arbitration Act, 1996, this Court can either send the impounded agreement/instrument to the Stamp Collector for proper payment of necessary stamp and penalties under Section 40 of the Stamp Act or permit the parties to deposit the required stamp duty &amp; penalties under proviso (a) to Section 35 of Stamp Act.</li>\n	<li>While taking recourse to Section 35 and ancillary provisions of the Stamp Act for deposit of the concerned stamp duty and penalty leviable, the Court invoked Rule 3 of the Delhi High Court (Original Side) Rules, 2018, by delegating the task of impounding the insufficiently stamped/unstamped agreements to the Court&rsquo;s Registrar.</li>\n	<li>If the Court considers not to take recourse under Section 35 of the Stamp Act, then the Court can send the original impounded instrument to the Collector by providing a timeframe for expedient adjudication.</li>\n	<li>The Court followed Supreme Court&rsquo;s direction in New Central Jute Mills Co. Ltd. v. State of West Bengal, that if the document is executed in one State but acted upon in another State, then the document must be stamped following the rules of the first State. If the second State has a higher rate, only the excess amount needs to be stamped in the second State based on its Rules.</li>\n</ol>\n','1695212632.jpg','16952126321.jpg','',0,'1'),(33,'2023-09-20 17:51:55','2023-09-20','A boundary between human and artificial intelligence','a-boundary-between-human-and-artificial-intelligence','Mayank Grover & Pratibha Vyas','The Delhi High Court recently observed that ChatGPT could not substitute human intelligence or the humane element in the adjudicatory process. This determination was rooted in concerns regarding the accuracy and reliability of AI-generated data, which remains a subject of uncertainty.','<p>The Delhi High Court recently observed that ChatGPT could not substitute human intelligence or the humane element in the adjudicatory&nbsp;process. This determination was rooted in concerns regarding the accuracy and reliability of AI-generated data, which remains a subject of uncertainty.</p>\n\n<p>The Court&rsquo;s observation came while passing a decision in a trademark infringement suit in Christian Louboutin Sas &amp; Anr. v. Shoe Boutique &ndash; Shutiq, dated August 22, 2023.</p>\n\n<p>By way of background, the French luxury shoemaker, Christian Louboutin, enjoys global recognition, including in India, for their iconic &ldquo;Red Sole&rdquo; heeled shoe designs and spiked shoes, which have been under their registered trademark since 2012. These distinctive shoes, not only trademarked but also endorsed by numerous renowned celebrities, have gained further prominence through appearances in popular TV series and films. Shutiq imitated Christian Loubutin&rsquo;s high-end shoe line, manufacturing similar products on a &ldquo;made on order&rdquo; basis when the customers specifically requested them.</p>\n\n<p>The Court ruled that artificial intelligence responses generated by ChatGPT and relied upon by the Plaintiff, cannot serve as the foundation for deciding legal or factual disputes in a Court of law. AI systems like chatbots have the potential to generate inaccurate responses, fictitious legal precedents, creative facts, etc., raising questions about their reliability and accuracy. Further, at the current stage of technical advancement, artificial intelligence cannot anyhow replace human intelligence or the humanistic component of the adjudicative process. These tools may be used for initial understanding or preliminary study, but cannot replace human judgments.</p>\n\n<p>The Court directed Shutiq to refrain from imitating any of the designs of the Christian Louboutin shoes. In the event of breach of this undertaking, Shutiq would be liable to pay damages of Rs. 25 lakhs.&nbsp;</p>\n','1695212516.jpg','16952125161.jpg','',0,'1'),(34,'2023-09-27 15:22:48','2023-09-27','Dialogue on India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023-Part 1','dialogue-on-india-s-digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023-part-1','KPS Kohli','KPS Kohli, Partner and Mayank Grover, Partner were invited by Black Silk to discuss implications of the newly enacted Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP) for businesses and individuals alike.','<p>KPS Kohli, Partner and Mayank Grover, Partner were invited by Black Silk to discuss implications of the newly enacted Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP) for businesses and individuals alike.</p>\n\n<p>In Part I of this podcast series, they discussed seminal provisions of the DPDP Act and debated on the role of &#39;Consent Manager&#39; under the Act.</p>\n','1696586353.jpg','1696592487.jpg','https://www.youtube.com/embed/x624GRuNkZA?si=m5EoWTYftn5oWFW7',0,'1'),(36,'2023-10-06 15:59:02','2023-10-06','No safe harbour for Google on trademark infringement','no-safe-harbour-for-google-on-trademark-infringement','Mayank Grover & Pratibha Vyas','Innovation, patience, dedication and uniqueness culminate in establishing a distinct identity. A trademark aids in identifying the source and quality, shaping perceptions about the identity\'s essence.','<h3 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Abstract</strong></span></h3>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:18px\">Innovation, patience, dedication and uniqueness culminate in establishing a distinct identity. A trademark aids in identifying the source and quality, shaping perceptions about the identity&#39;s essence. When values accompany a product or service&#39;s trademark, safeguarding against misuse and infringement becomes crucial. A recent pronouncement of a Division. Bench of the Delhi High Court dated August 10, 2023 in Google LLC v. DRS Logistics (P) Ltd. &amp;&nbsp;Ors.[1]&nbsp;and Google India Private Limited v. DRS Logistics (P) Ltd. &amp; Ors.[2]&nbsp;directed that Google&rsquo;s use of trademarks as keywords for its Google Ads Programme does amount to &lsquo;use&rsquo; in advertising under the Trademarks Act and the benefit of safe harbour would not be available to Google if such keywords infringe on the concerned trademark.</span></p>\n\n<h3 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Factual Background</strong></span></h3>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:18px\">Google LLC manages and operates the Google Search Engine and Ads Programme, while, Google India Private Limited is a subsidiary of Google that has been appointed as a non-exclusive reseller of the Ads Programme in India. The Respondents, DRS Logistics and Agarwal Packers and Movers Pvt. Ltd. are leading packaging, moving and logistics service providers in India.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:18px\">On 22.12.2011, DRS filed a suit against Google and Just Dial Ltd. under provisions of the Trademarks Act, 1999 (&lsquo;TM Act&rsquo;) inter alia seeking a permanent injunction against Google from permitting third parties from infringing, passing off etc. the relevant trademarks of DRS. The core of the dispute revolved around Google&rsquo;s Ads Programme. DRS claimed that its trade name &#39;AGARWAL PACKERS AND MOVERS&#39; is widely recognized and a &#39;well-known&#39; trademark. Use of DRS&rsquo;s trademark as a keyword diverts internet traffic from its website to that of its competitors and they were entitled to seek restraint against Google for permitting third parties who are not authorized to use the said trademark. DRS further argued that Google benefits from these trademark infringements. This practice involved charging a higher amount&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size:18px\">for displaying these ads, constituting an infringement of their trademarks. Whereas, Google contended that the use of the keyword in the Ads Programme does not amount to &lsquo;use&rsquo; under the TM Act notwithstanding that the keyword is/or similar to a trademark. Thus, the use of a term as a keyword cannot be construed as an infringement of a trademark under the TM Act, and being an intermediary, it claimed a safe harbour under Section 79 of the Information Technology Act, 2000. (&lsquo;IT Act&rsquo;).</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:18px\">In essence, the dispute between the parties was rooted in DRS&rsquo;s grievance concerning the Ads Programme. The Learned Single Judge vide judgment dated 30.10.2021interpreted relevant provisions of the TM Act and drew on multiple legal precedents to arrive at the decision that DRS can seek protection of its trademarks which were registered under Section 28 of the TM Act and issued directions to investigate complaints alleging the use of trademark and/or to ascertain whether a sponsored result has an effect of infringing a trademark or passing off.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:18px\">Being aggrieved, Google LLC and Google Pvt. Ltd. filed appeals before the Division Bench. Google LLC argued that the Single Judge&rsquo;s findings were erroneous and the directions issued were liable to be set aside. Google India claimed that it doesn&rsquo;t control and operate the Search Engine and the Ads Programme making it unable to comply with the directions passed in the impugned judgment.</span></p>\n\n<h3 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Analysis &amp; Decision of Court</strong></span></h3>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:18px\">The Division Bench found Single Judge&rsquo;s rationale for assessing trademark infringement through keywords and meta-tags valid. Meta-tags are a list of words/code in a website, not readily visible to the naked eye. It serves as a tool for indexing the website by a search engine. If a trademark of a third party is used as a meta-tag, the same would serve as identifying the website as relevant to the search query that includes the trademark as a search term. The use of keywords in the Ads Programme also serves similar purpose. The Division Bench was unable to accept that using a trademark as a keyword, even if not visible, would not be considered trademark use under the TM Act.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:18px\">Google placed heavy reliance on the decisions rendered by Courts across jurisdictions of United Kingdom, United States of America, European Union, Australia, New Zealand, Russia, South Africa, Canada, Spain, Italy, Japan and China; in the cases of Google France SARL and Google Inc. v. Louis Vitton SA &amp; Ors.1. Interflora Inc. v. Marks &amp; Spencer Plc. 2. and L&rsquo;Oreal SA v. eBay International AG 3. in support of the contention that the use of trade marks is by the advertiser and not by Google. However, the Division Bench rejected Google&rsquo;s passive role; highlighting its active involvement in recommending and promoting trademark keywords for higher clicks in its Ads Programme. Division Bench referred to a few judicial decisions rendered in the United States of America that captured the essence of the controversy for perspective, concluding that Google actively promotes and encourages trademarks associated with major goods and services, rather than having a passive role.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:18px\">It was held that the contention that the use of trademarks as keywords, per se constitutes an infringement of the trademark is unmerited; the assumption that an internet user is merely searching the address of the proprietor of the trademark when he feeds in a search query that may contain a trademark, is erroneous.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:18px\">The Doctrine of &#39;Initial Interest Confusion&#39; addresses trademark infringement based on pre-purchase confusion. The doctrine is applied when meta-tags, keywords, or domain names cause initial confusion similar to a registered trademark. If users are misled to access unrelated websites, trademark use in internet advertising may be actionable and reliance was placed on US precedents. Referring to Section 29 of the TM Act, it was directed that Section 29 does not specify the duration for which the confusion lasts but, even if the confusion is for a short duration and an internet user is able to recover from the same, the trade mark would be infringed and would offend Section 29(2) of the TM Act.</span></p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:18px\">It was held that the Ads Programme is a platform for displaying advertisements. Google, being an architect and operator of its own programme makes it an active participant in the use of trademarks and determining the advertisements displayed on search pages. Their use of proprietary software makes them utilize trademarks and control the distribution of information related to potentially infringing links, ultimately leading to revenue maximization. Hence, a substantial link exists between Google LLC and Google India, rendering it impossible for Google India to deny its role in operating the Ads Programme. It was further held that Google sells trademarks as keywords to advertisers and encourages users to use trademarks as&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size:18px\">keywords for ads. It is contradictory for Google to encourage trademark use while claiming data belongs to third parties for exemption. After 2004, Google changed policies to boost revenue and subsequently, introduced a tool that searches effective terms, including trademarks. Google&#39;s active involvement in its advertising business and online nature does not necessarily qualify it for benefits under Section 79 of the IT Act. The Division Bench agreed with the view of the Single Judge that Google would not be eligible for protection of safe harbour under Section 79(1) of the IT Act, if its alleged activities infringe trademarks.</span></p>\n\n<h3 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></span></h3>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:18px\">This is a seminal decision governing (and rather, restricting) the operations of intermediaries and redefining the jurisprudence of safe harbour under the IT Act. The decision is well-reasoned and establishes a significant precedent for safeguarding trademarks by uniquely holding Google accountable under its Ads Programme. The same will prevent usage of tradenames as a third-party trademark in keyword search or metatags by advertisers on Google&rsquo;s search engine. While keywords and meta-tags have different levels of visibility, their purpose is similar i.e. advertising and attracting internet traffic. The use of trademarks as meta-tags by a person who is neither a proprietor of the trademark nor permitted to use the same leads to confusion amongst public at large due to the automated processes of search engines and consequently, constitutes trademark infringement.</span></p>\n','1699007129.jpg','1699007273.jpg','',0,'1');

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INSERT INTO `wps_categories` VALUES (1,'Our Expertise','','1',NULL,'Our Expertise','our-expertise','','','','','0',NULL,'','<p>Seraphic Advisors assists and advises in diverse sectors and regulatory landscapes. Our specialist team of highly experienced lawyers has domain expertise in various industries. We undertake every assignment with a great responsibility and research every related aspect, to safeguard against costly legal blindspots.</p>\n',0,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 12:53:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(2,'Aviation Law','','1',NULL,'Aviation Law','aviation-law','1601461631.png','1601546217.png','','','0',NULL,'Seraphic Advisors assists clients in acquisition and leasing of aircrafts and engines, financing documentation, foreign direct investment in the sector, advising on regulatory landscape and making submissions to the Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India, advising on Tariff determination.','<p>Seraphic Advisors assists clients in acquisition and leasing of aircrafts and engines, financing documentation, foreign direct investment in the sector, advising on regulatory landscape and making submissions to the Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India, advising on Tariff determination and in taking approvals from various Government agencies in the sector, including Airport Authority of India.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>The Firm in this niche practice area is headed by specialist and top aviation lawyers in India who have advised on varied legal issues in the sector and have dealt with aircraft manufacturers, engine manufacturers, leasing companies, airlines both domestic and international, private airports, Regulatory Authority, Aviation Ministry and its departments.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us</h2>\n\n<p>We have a unique advantage of the experience gained from closely working with the Aviation Ministry and its Departments and the Regulator. Being one of the best aviation law firms in Delhi, we have also assisted clients in negotiation for acquisition of aircrafts and engines, leasing of aircrafts, submission to the Regulatory Authority for consultations and for tariff fixation etc.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','1',NULL,'2020-09-30 12:54:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(3,'Banking & Finance','Banking and Finances','1',NULL,'Banking & Finance','banking-and-finance','1601461348.png','1601547513.png','','','0','','Seraphic Advisors is a leading banking and finance law firm in India. Our banking lawyers offer legal financial services with the highest level of understanding. We put together the best team of advocates to serve our clients.','<p>Seraphic Advisors is a leading banking and finance law firm in India. Our banking lawyers offer legal financial services with the highest level of understanding. We put together the best team of advocates to serve our clients.</p>\n\n<p>Our top priority is to offer reliable &amp; cost-effective legal guidance. Our firm has leading lawyers for banking and finance who offer most commercially relevant legal advice with in-depth knowledge &amp; pragmatic strategy. We advise both international and domestic financial companies, banks and non-banking financial companies on securitization laws, asset finance, banking and insolvency, including corporate debt, project finance, asset and trade finance, real estate finance, derivative transactions and debt capital markets.</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us</h2>\n\n<p>Our team has a strong understanding of banking laws and regulatory issues in India. We have advised several clients on asset classification in terms of circulars issued by the Reserve Bank of India, Uniform Rules of Demand Guarantees of the International Chamber of Commerce, bank guarantee documentation, securitisation and enforcement of security interest, and risk and capital management. The Firm also regularly represents clients in complex disputes before the Debts Recovery Tribunals and the Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunal, National Company Law Tribunals, the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal and before Arbitral Tribunals.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','1',NULL,'2020-09-30 15:52:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(4,'Construction & Infrastructure','','1',NULL,'Construction & Infrastructure','construction-infrastructure','1601462516.png','1601547525.png','','','0','','Seraphic Advisors is an expert construction and infrastructure advisory law firm. Our team of construction lawyers offers strategic advice across all areas of infrastructure projects including risk analysis, bankability & project finance, bid processes, project claims & dispute resolution.','<p>Seraphic Advisors is an expert construction and infrastructure advisory law firm<strong>.</strong> Our team of construction lawyers offers strategic advice across all areas of infrastructure projects including risk analysis, bankability &amp; project finance, bid processes, project claims &amp; dispute resolution. We offer an extensive range of construction legal services to various clients including developers, project sponsors, banks, contractors, government &amp; public sector undertakings. We also represent parties in infrastructure related legal disputes. Our team of construction lawyers have gained a reputation of leading &amp; successful litigators in the field of construction &amp; infrastructural law. We also provide legal assistance to clients throughout the construction process to avoid arbitration/litigation.</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us</h2>\n\n<p>Our lawyers deal with bidding, negotiation and execution of EPC, DBFOT, BOT, HAM and O&amp;M contracts. Our team of construction advocates have represented leading developers, sub-contractors, and public sector undertakings in construction-related disputes in arbitrations and litigations before Supreme Court of India, Delhi High Court, Punjab &amp; Haryana High Court, Andhra Pradesh High Court, Bangalore High Court, Jaipur High Court and various Tribunals. The construction sectors which we advise include roads, ports, airports, railways and power plants.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','1',NULL,'2020-09-30 16:11:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(5,'Defence','','1',NULL,'Defence','defence','1601966696.png','','','','0','','Seraphic Advisors has a wide experience of advising in the Defence sector and are one of the leading Defence law firms in Delhi. Our lawyers advise foreign and domestic OEM vendors, O&M contractors etc.','<p>Seraphic Advisors has a wide experience of advising in the Defence sector and are one of the leading Defence law firms in Delhi. Our lawyers advise foreign and domestic OEM vendors, O&amp;M contractors etc. on the offset policies, defence procurement laws, structuring of transactions, regulatory aspects, joint ventures, liability issues, etc. We have a deep understanding of defence contracts and have successes in representing clients in disputes arising out of defence contracts.</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us</h2>\n\n<p>We have advised on foreign investments in the sector, assisted clients in participating in the tenders for procurement by the Government of India and have represented clients in disputes regarding payments and quality of the equipment.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 16:15:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(6,'E-commerce','','1',NULL,'E-commerce','e-commerce','1601464471.png','1601547539.png','','','0','','Seraphic Advisors is one of the best E-commerce law firms in Delhi that advises E-commerce companies and start-ups.  ','<p>Seraphic Advisors is one of the best E-commerce law firms in Delhi that advises E-commerce companies and start-ups. We help our clients in complying with consumer laws, regulatory framework, tax laws and data privacy compliances. We help secure IPR assets of our clients and efficiently deal with their legal disputes.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2>Why us</h2>\n\n<p>We have a team of expert lawyers in India who advise e-commerce marketplaces/aggregators from ground up on the establishment of the platform. Our top E-commerce lawyers in Delhi have advised on legal regime, business models and have drafted on-boarding agreements and service agreements for the e-commerce marketplace/aggregators. We have also assisted sellers in disputes with leading marketplaces regarding their oppressive policies and with other sellers for infringement of their intellectual property.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>Our in-depth understanding of the E-commerce ecosystem enables us to offer the best legal advice to both individuals as well as E-commerce companies. Our areas of expertise include establishment of business models for e-commerce companies, franchisee arrangements, labelling and packaging issues, handling various operational and commercial issues.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','1',NULL,'2020-09-30 16:44:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(7,'Environment','','1',NULL,'Environment','environment','1601464532.png','1601547553.png','','','0','','Seraphic Advisors is one of the best environmental law firms in Delhi. Our team of environmental law attorneys has always been at the forefront of emerging & changing trends to offer the best legal advice. ','<p>Seraphic Advisors is one of the best environmental law firms in Delhi. Our team of environmental law attorneys has always been at the forefront of emerging &amp; changing trends to offer the best legal advice. We provide legal advice on environmental law and policy, rules and regulations, government incentives upon taking steps beneficial to the environment, including grants, tax credits, land use provisions etc.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us</h2>\n\n<p>We advise on environmental policies, seeking requisite approvals and also represent clients before the Supreme Court of India, National Green Tribunal, Central Empowerment Committee and various other authorities. We have also represented clients in disputes against the Pollution Control Board under the Water Act, Air Act and the Environment Protection Act before various High Courts.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','1',NULL,'2020-09-30 16:45:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(8,'Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals','','1',NULL,'Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals','healthcare-pharmaceuticals','1601464567.png','1601547599.png','','','0','','Seraphic Advisors is one of the best healthcare and pharmaceutical advisory firms in Delhi. Our team of lawyers have profound knowledge of the healthcare industry. ','<p>Seraphic Advisors is one of the best healthcare and pharmaceutical advisory firms in Delhi. Our team of lawyers have profound knowledge of the healthcare industry. Our team of experienced pharmaceutical advocates understand the challenges and complexities of a highly regulated pharmaceutical field with practical knowledge &amp; experience.</p>\n\n<p>Our top healthcare and pharmaceutical lawyers contribute to the Firm&rsquo;s market-leading reputation through its extensive work on food safety and standard laws, food product approvals, regulations with respect to the manufacturing of drugs, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and medical devices. Our areas of expertise in the healthcare and pharmaceutical sector include product approvals, trademark / patent / copyright filings, license agreements, pricing issues etc.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us</h2>\n\n<p>Our healthcare lawyers have profound knowledge of healthcare and pharmacy laws in India. We have advised and represented clients with respect to the launch of their biosimilar drugs in India approved by the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) and pricing disputes against the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA), disputes with respect to clearance of proprietary foods under the Food Safety &amp; Standards Regulations, with respect to the application of Product Approval Advisories issued by the Food Safety &amp; Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) on nutraceutical products, in a challenge against the applicability of the Food Safety &amp; Standards Act on food products to be sold from duty-free shops before the Supreme Court of India, Delhi High Court and Bombay High Court.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','1',NULL,'2020-09-30 16:46:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(9,'Information Technology','','1',NULL,'Information Technology','information-technology','1601464894.png','1601547608.png','','','0','','Being one of the best information technology law firms in Delhi, Seraphic Advisors offers a comprehensive range of services from advising on capital investments to protecting your IP. Our team of information technology lawyers have in-depth knowledge & experience to offer the best solution.','<p>Being one of the best information technology law firms in Delhi, Seraphic Advisors offers a comprehensive range of services from advising on capital investments to protecting your IP. Our team of information technology lawyers have in-depth knowledge &amp; experience to offer the best solution.</p>\n\n<p>At Seraphic Advisors, our IT attorneys understand the requirements of start-up as well as established business in the fastest growing technology sector. One of the core practices of the Firm is advising clients on all aspects of information technology laws and regulatory framework. Our IT advocates have in-depth domain knowledge and advice on data protection and privacy, software protection &amp; licencing, domain name disputes, online frauds, technology transfer and technical assistance agreements etc.</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us</h2>\n\n<p>Data is the most valuable asset for companies these days. We assist our clients in adopting the world&#39;s best practices in data protection and help them minimise data thefts. However, in case of a breach we assist clients in enforcement of contracts and policies and in prosecution for the breach. We advise on all aspects of IT Laws, including Cyber Laws, Data Protection, Ecommerce policies, IP Protection, compliances required for procuring International Leased Lines in India from domestic Telecom Service Providers etc.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','1',NULL,'2020-09-30 16:50:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(10,'Insolvency & Restructuring','','1',NULL,'Insolvency & Restructuring','insolvency-restructuring','1601464920.png','1601547621.png','','','0','','Seraphic Advisors is the leading insolvency Law Firm in Delhi which offers assistance to individuals & businesses experiencing financial distress. We have a team of the best restructuring and insolvency lawyers. Our bankruptcy and restructuring advocates provide the best strategies to resolve insolvency issues.','<p>Seraphic Advisors is the leading insolvency Law Firm in Delhi which offers assistance to individuals &amp; businesses experiencing financial distress. We have a team of the best restructuring and insolvency lawyers. Our bankruptcy and restructuring advocates provide the best strategies to resolve insolvency issues.</p>\n\n<p>Insolvency and restructuring is one of the core practice areas of the Firm. We engage with our clients on issues regarding classification of loan accounts as non-performing assets by Banks and Financial Institutions, restructuring of debts by the Corporate Debt Restructuring Cell, repayment of loans and liquidation of assets in both international and domestic markets.</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us</h2>\n\n<p>We have extensive experience in representing corporates, banks, non-banking finance companies, financial institutions and individuals before various National Company Law Tribunals and the NCLAT, New Delhi in applications for initiation of insolvency proceedings by and against financial and operational creditors and in voluntary liquidation proceedings. We offer legal insolvency solutions to financially distressed entities, secured and unsecured creditors, and several other interested parties.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','1',NULL,'2020-09-30 16:51:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(11,'Insurance','','1',NULL,'Insurance','insurance','1601464960.png','1601547748.png','','','0','','Our team of best insurance lawyers in Delhi have represented claimants in disputes related to insurance cover. We have a dedicated team of top insurance lawyers who provide risk management advice.','<p>Our team of best insurance lawyers in Delhi have represented claimants in disputes related to insurance cover. We have a dedicated team of top insurance lawyers who provide risk management advice. We provide legal assistance for various insurance claims including construction defect claims, environment-related claims, motor accidents death and injury claims, employment liability claims, product liability claims, claims related to storm, fire and water losses, professional liability claims, etc.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us&nbsp;</h2>\n\n<p>We have advised clients on the impact of labour laws, viz. Employees&rsquo; State Insurance Act, 1948, and the Industrial Relations Code, 2020 on their insurance schemes. We have assisted clients on the implications of the Marine Import Insurance Open Policy and Contractors All Risk Insurance Policy. We have also represented clients in insurance disputes before the Motor Accidents Claims Tribunal, National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, various High Courts, and the Supreme Court of India.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','1',NULL,'2020-09-30 16:52:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(12,'Intellectual Property','','1',NULL,'Intellectual Property','intellectual-property','1601527526.png','1601547783.png','','','0','','Seraphic Advisors is a leading intellectual property law firm in Delhi that offers innovative ways of protecting IP interests. Our team of intellectual property lawyers assist in protecting the interests of IP holders.','<p>Seraphic Advisors is a leading intellectual property law firm in Delhi that offers innovative ways of protecting IP interests. Our team of intellectual property lawyers assist in protecting the interests of IP holders. We help clients in the acquisition, protection and enforcement of IP rights. Our team is proficient in dealing with legal issues related to ownership and infringement of trademark, passing off, copyright, patent, designs, geographical indications and data protection.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us</h2>\n\n<p>We strategize and secure intellectual property portfolios of corporates and individuals. We assist in filing for registration of intellectual property rights with the Indian authorities. Our lawyers also help in the enforcement of rights to prevent breach and prosecution of miscreants. We are recognized for advising clients on the execution of copyright assignment agreements and implications thereof on music labels/production houses and artists and regarding royalties payable to Copyright Societies.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','1',NULL,'2020-09-30 16:53:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(13,'Management, Labour & Employment','','1',NULL,'Management, Labour & Employment','management-labour-employment','1601527592.png','1601547793.png','','','0','','We have a robust labour and employment law practice providing advice to international and domestic businesses on a full range of employment issues in various sectors including infrastructure, IT, manufacturing, retail, real estate, oil and gas etc.','<p>We have a robust labour and employment law practice providing advice to international and domestic businesses on a full range of employment issues in various sectors including infrastructure, IT, manufacturing, retail, real estate, oil and gas etc. Our areas of expertise include the formulation of employee regulations and conditions of employment, labour conciliation settlements, employee stock option plans, remuneration and incentives, workplace health and safety and employment litigation. Our experienced team of employment attorneys formulate the most feasible negotiation strategy for equitable resolution.</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us</h2>\n\n<p>We have advised multinational corporations on termination of employment, payment of severance compensation to employees, employee claims, employment bonds, handling of employee data, payment of salaries and wages in force majeure conditions, liability of employees for corporate sales, POSH (Prevention of Sexual Harassment) policies at workplace etc.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','1',NULL,'2020-09-30 16:53:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(14,'Press, Media & Entertainment','','1',NULL,'Press, Media & Entertainment','press-media-entertainment','1601527702.png','1601547805.png','','','0','','The Firm has rich experience of working in the media and entertainment space such as advising music, entertainment and sports companies as well as news agencies.','<p>The Firm has rich experience of working in the media and entertainment space such as advising music, entertainment and sports companies as well as news agencies.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us</h2>\n\n<p>We have advised leading multinational corporates on music licensing and assignment of copyrights, Media Rights License Agreements and software &amp; technology licencing. Members of the Firm have also represented multinational conglomerates in high profile litigations relating to telecast rights before the Supreme Court of India and Bombay High Court. Lawyers in the Firm have also represented the largest news agency in India in disputes relating to infringement of copyright.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','1',NULL,'2020-09-30 16:53:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(15,'Mergers & Acquisitions','','1',NULL,'Mergers & Acquisitions','mergers-and-acquisitions','1601527711.png','1601547840.png','','','0','','Seraphic Advisors has a wealth of experience in domestic and cross-border mergers and acquisitions transactions. We assist clients in all aspects of a M&A transaction starting from due diligence to negotiating the deal, formulation of agreements and taking all requisite approvals from the authorities.','<p>Seraphic Advisors has a wealth of experience in domestic and cross-border mergers and acquisitions transactions. We assist clients in all aspects of a M&amp;A transaction starting from due diligence to negotiating the deal, formulation of agreements and taking all requisite approvals from the authorities. We are a leading Mergers and Acquisitions law firm in Delhi that has assisted both listed and unlisted companies in their expansion strategy by M&amp;A route.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us&nbsp;</h2>\n\n<p>We are proud to have a talented team of mergers and acquisitions practitioners. With the top Mergers and Acquisitions lawyers in India, our Firm provides an unparalleled combination of expertise and experience to help the clients in mitigating the risk and achieving their business and growth objectives. We assist on a wide range of legal matters associated with mergers and acquisition including general corporate advice, corporate governance, corporate laws, joint ventures, takeover and outbound investments etc.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','1',NULL,'2020-09-30 16:54:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(16,'Oil & Natural Gas','','1',NULL,'Oil & Natural Gas','oil-natural-gas','1601527720.png','1601547851.png','','','0','','Seraphic Advisors has advised on multifarious issues in the oil and natural gas industry including procurement of natural gas','<p>Seraphic Advisors has advised on multifarious issues in the oil and natural gas industry including procurement of natural gas, pipelines and distribution networks and supply chains for liquefied natural gas.</p>\n\n<h2>Why us</h2>\n\n<p>Members of the Firm have represented leading oil and natural gas suppliers in disputes before the erstwhile Company Law Board as well as in arbitrations against leading public sector undertakings in India. Our lawyers have also rendered comprehensive assistance in negotiation and execution of LNG Supply Agreements, Production Sharing Agreements, Gas Sale/Transmission Agreements, Power Purchase Contracts, Pipeline Transportation Contracts, Fuel Supply Agreements etc.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','1',NULL,'2020-09-30 16:54:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(17,'Project & Energy','','1',NULL,'Project & Energy','project-and-energy','1601527729.png','1601547862.png','','','0','','The team at Seraphic Advisors in the project and energy practice advises in the development, construction and financing of power and infrastructure projects. We are a leading Project and Energy law firm in Delhi.','<p>The team at Seraphic Advisors in the project and energy practice advises in the development, construction and financing of power and infrastructure projects. We are a leading Project and Energy law firm in Delhi that provides strategic advice to clients across different areas of the projects including conceptualization, bid processes, risk analysis, project development, bankability and project finance, EPC contracts, project claims, dispute management and dispute resolution.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us&nbsp;</h2>\n\n<p>We deal in negotiating and drafting the project documents, concession agreements, EPC agreements, land agreements and resolution contracts. We also provide advisory on regulatory and environmental compliances related to power and energy projects and also on issues regarding tax, loan, insurance and guarantee documents.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','1',NULL,'2020-09-30 16:54:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(18,'Real Estate Law','','1',NULL,'Real Estate Law','real-estate-law','1601527737.png','1601547871.png','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','1',NULL,'2020-09-30 16:59:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(19,'Regulatory Practice','','1',NULL,'Regulatory Practice','regulatory-practice','1601966806.png','','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:00:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(20,'Retail & Franchising','','1',NULL,'Retail & Franchising','retail-franchising','1601966829.png','','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:00:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(21,'Risk & Compliance','','1',NULL,'Risk & Compliance','risk-compliance','1601966864.png','','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:02:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(22,'Taxation Law','','1',NULL,'Taxation Law','taxation-law','1601966882.png','','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:02:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(23,'Telecommunication Law','','1',NULL,'Telecommunication Law','telecommunication-law','1601966920.png','','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:02:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(24,'White-Collar Crime','','1',NULL,'White-Collar Crime','white-collar-crime','1601966932.png','','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:02:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(25,'Advertising','','1',NULL,'Advertising','advertising','1601967063.png','','','','0','','Seraphic Advisors is a pioneer in advising on advertising related laws. We are reputed as one of the best advertising law firms in Delhi, that provide legal assistance to clients related to various aspects of advertising.','<p>Seraphic Advisors is a pioneer in advising on advertising related laws. We are reputed as one of the best advertising law firms in Delhi, that provide legal assistance to clients related to various aspects of advertising.</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us</h2>\n\n<p>We assist clients from the conception stage of an advertisement to ensure the same is as per the domestic norms. Our lawyers are alive to the fact that advertising is a creative field, however we ensure that there are no adverse legal consequences. We review advertisements before they are published in India and suggest modifications, deletions or disclaimers to meet the legal requirements. We also assist clients in defending complaints made against their advertisements.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>Having worked with leading domestic and global brands, we bring the best of global advertising perspective and in-depth understanding of the domestic market laws.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:03:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(26,'Licensing Law','','1',NULL,'Licensing Law','licensing-law','1601967073.png','','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:03:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(27,'Microfinance Law','','1',NULL,'Microfinance Law','microfinance-law','1601967081.png','','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:03:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(28,'Financial Services','','1',NULL,'Financial Services','financial-services','1601967170.png','','','','0','','Seraphic Advisors is a seasoned financial services law firm in India. Our leading financial services lawyers in India advise and execute some of the most complex and large scale transactions for both financial institutions as well as borrowers.','<p>Seraphic Advisors is a seasoned financial services law firm in India. Our leading financial services lawyers in India advise and execute some of the most complex and large scale transactions for both financial institutions as well as borrowers.</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us</h2>\n\n<p>We provide financial advice to a wide range of banks, non-banking financial companies, financial institutions and public and private sector companies. Our advocates for financial services work very closely with other practice area experts like dispute resolution, infrastructure projects, insolvency and restructuring specialists etc. to develop innovative solutions for our clients.</p>\n\n<p>We are one of the best financial services law firms in Delhi that render various legal services in the financial sector including acquisition finance, project finance, formulation of mortgage, loan agreements, credit &amp; security documentation. We also represent our clients in enforcement actions before Arbitral Tribunals, Debt Recovery Tribunals and National Company Law Tribunals across India.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:03:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(29,'Fintech Laws','','1',NULL,'Fintech Laws','fintech-laws','1601967184.png','','','','0','','Our team of Fintech lawyers are vastly experienced in financial laws, regulatory landscape and technology laws to advice on consumer centric fintech companies. We have advised corporates providing financial technology solutions to enterprise customers. ','<p>Our team of Fintech lawyers are vastly experienced in financial laws, regulatory landscape and technology laws to advice on consumer centric fintech companies. We have advised corporates providing financial technology solutions to enterprise customers. The activity &amp; interest in FinTech has risen over the last few years and our leading Fintech advocates in India offer benefits of our immense expertise. We are renowned as one of the leading Fintech law firms in Delhi that provides expert advice to businesses.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us&nbsp;</h2>\n\n<p>Our Fintech practice offers market-leading legal advice on contractual arrangements, cloud-computing agreements, outsourcing agreements, blockchain, artificial intelligence, machine learning, digitisation and data migration projects, agreements for the creation and maintenance of online payment platforms, software design, development and licencing.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:04:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(30,'Business Process Outsourcing','','1',NULL,'Business Process Outsourcing','business-process-outsourcing','1601967200.png','','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:04:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(31,'Project Finance','','1',NULL,'Project Finance','project-finance','1601967210.png','','','','0','','We have a strong understanding of banking and finance laws. We aim that our legal advice will benefit the companies in mitigating the risk and achieving their business and growth objectives. ','<p>We have a strong understanding of banking and finance laws. We aim that our legal advice will benefit the companies in mitigating the risk and achieving their business and growth objectives.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us</h2>\n\n<p>The project finance demand is growing worldwide and the development of complex projects includes the complete array of multi-sourced options for financing including capital market solutions like project bonds, multilateral financing support, government financing support, export credit agency, commercial bank loans and more. Our team of leading project finance lawyers provide commercial incisive advice.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>We closely work with developers, lenders and sponsors to provide innovative solutions to the most challenging problems that arise in complex projects. Our Project Finance advocates in India help in identifying the risks and devise mitigation strategies.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:04:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(32,'Wto/international Trade','','1',NULL,'Wto/international Trade','wto-international-trade','1601967323.png','','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:05:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(33,'General Corporate Law','','1',NULL,'General Corporate Law','general-corporate-law','1601967349.png','','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:05:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(34,'Private Client Practice','','1',NULL,'Private Client Practice','private-client-practice','1601967388.png','','','','0','','Seraphic Advisors is a trusted law firm for business/promoter families, entrepreneurs and high net worth individuals for managing their assets and for succession planning. ','<p>Seraphic Advisors is a trusted law firm for business/promoter families, entrepreneurs and high net worth individuals for managing their assets and for succession planning. We are counted among the leading private client law firms that assists clients in creating tax efficient holding structures and achieve their philanthropy goals.</p>\n\n<p>We have established private client lawyers in India who understand the private businesses &amp; family dynamics. Our lawyers are trusted advisors who have expertise in structuring &amp; establishing family agreements, family businesses ownership and management. Our specialists help our clients in building and maintaining their legacies.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us</h2>\n\n<p>We offer legal services on various requirements, including:</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>Preparing Wills and Codicils;</li>\n	<li>Establishing of trusts;</li>\n	<li>Efficient management of assets across the globe;&nbsp;</li>\n	<li>Preparing family governance structures;</li>\n	<li>Advising on family settlements and partitions;&nbsp;</li>\n	<li>Representation before Trial Courts and High Courts across the country and before the Supreme Court of India in family disputes.</li>\n</ul>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:05:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(35,'Technology Law','','1',NULL,'Technology Law','technology-law','1601967434.png','','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:06:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(36,'Broadcasting','','1',NULL,'Broadcasting','broadcasting','1601967459.png','','','','0','','Seraphic Advisors is a leading advisor in broadcasting laws. Our professionals have in-depth knowledge of all facets of media and broadcasting regulations. ','<p>Seraphic Advisors is a leading advisor in broadcasting laws. Our professionals have in-depth knowledge of all facets of media and broadcasting regulations.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us</h2>\n\n<p>We have leading broadcasting lawyers in India who provide strategic legal advice for licensing and acquisition of different intellectual property rights related to the broadcasting sector such as music, movies, etc. Moreover, litigation support is also provided by us on Anti-Counterfeit and Anti-Piracy laws.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:07:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(37,'Agriculture Law','','1',NULL,'Agriculture Law','agriculture-law','1601967501.png','','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:07:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(38,'Education Law','','1',NULL,'Education Law','education-law','1601967579.png','','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:07:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(39,'Hospitality','','1',NULL,'Hospitality','hospitality','1601967588.png','','','','0','','The hospitality sector has shown unprecedented development in the last few years in India. We have many success stories in the sector, including start-ups to established businesses achieving greater heights.','<p>The hospitality sector has shown unprecedented development in the last few years in India. We have many success stories in the sector, including start-ups to established businesses achieving greater heights. Our lawyers provide practical and strategic advice to clients to help them during the challenges that they face in the hospitality business.</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us</h2>\n\n<p>We are among the leading law firms in India and our hospitality practice involves advising on Master Service Agreements, Franchise Agreements, mergers &amp; acquisitions, operation, development and construction, fundraisings, litigation, labour &amp; employment matters, intellectual property right protections, general corporate and commercial advisory.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:08:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(40,'Public Policy','','1',NULL,'Public Policy','public-policy','1601967595.png','','','','0','','Seraphic Advisors support clients in all their public policy issues. Indian Government is the single largest consumer in the country. Thus, the policies of the Government may have a significant impact on various sectors.','<p>Seraphic Advisors support clients in all their public policy issues. Indian Government is the single largest consumer in the country. Thus, the policies of the Government may have a significant impact on various sectors. Our extensive experience of working closely with leading players in diverse sectors, gives us a bird&rsquo;s eye view of the impact of any change in government policy. Our Public Policy advocates advise clients in representations to the government and various authorities. We also advice on mitigating the adverse effects on businesses upon change in policy.</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us</h2>\n\n<p>We are a leading Public Policy Law Firm. Our policy practice is unique in having a network of lawyers in India with an in-depth understanding of the political machinery and of how the government institutions work, think and act. Our attorneys give comprehensive advice to the clients in developing appropriate commercial strategies to solve legal issues.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:08:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(41,'Manufacturing Law','','1',NULL,'Manufacturing Law','manufacturing-law','1601967603.png','','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:09:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(42,'Mining and Natural Resources Law','','1',NULL,'Mining and Natural Resources Law','mining-and-natural-resources-law','1601967679.png','','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:29:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(43,'Non Governmental Sector','','1',NULL,'Non Governmental Sector','non-governmental-sector','1601967689.png','','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:30:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(44,'Startups','','1',NULL,'Startups','startups','1601967697.png','','','','0','','Seraphic Advisors provides strategic, quality and timely legal advice to emerging companies and motivated entrepreneurs. Our expert advisors help startups in foreseeing a potential blind spot and to adhere to the regulatory compliances, managing legal relationships with customers, vendors etc.','<p>Seraphic Advisors provides strategic, quality and timely legal advice to emerging companies and motivated entrepreneurs. Our expert advisors help startups in foreseeing a potential blind spot and to adhere to the regulatory compliances, managing legal relationships with customers, vendors etc.</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us</h2>\n\n<p>Our team comprises of leading lawyers who assist in incorporation of company (Public Limited Company, Private Limited Company, Limited Liability Partnership, One Person Company etc.), Registration and Recognition as Start-up with Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (Registration with DIPP ensues Tax Holidays, Tax Rebates, Relaxed Labour and Environmental Compliances and also benefitting IPR Regime), procuring funding, drafting and vetting of contracts of commercial nature, mandatory taxation and statutory compliances.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:30:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(45,'Logistics','','1',NULL,'Logistics','logistics','1601967706.png','','','','0','','Seraphic Advisors understands the legal challenges in the logistics business. We cover all areas of the logistics sector and offer strategic legal advice to the clients to support their business.','<p>Seraphic Advisors understands the legal challenges in the logistics business. We cover all areas of the logistics sector and offer strategic legal advice to the clients to support their business.</p>\n\n<h2>Why Us</h2>\n\n<p>We are a leading firm in the logistics practice. Our team provides legal, regulatory and business advisory assistance to Indian and foreign private sector companies and independent contractors. We have a team of lawyers who have extensive experience and knowledge on the laws &amp; policies relating to the transport sector.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>We understand the logistics industry and provide advice on various issues including Service Agreements, employment-related matters, contracts, intellectual property, taxation, statutory compliances, workplace health and safety etc.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:30:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(46,'Capital Markets & Securities','','1',NULL,'Capital Markets & Securities','capital-markets-securities','1601967804.png','','','','0','','The team of Seraphic Advisors handles all legal issues relating to capital markets such as public offerings, QIPs, rights issues, acquisitions involving takeover regulations, foreign currency and rupee denominated offshore bonds and private placement of bonds, advisory work for securities market intermediaries, ','<p>The team of Seraphic Advisors handles all legal issues relating to capital markets such as public offerings, QIPs, rights issues, acquisitions involving takeover regulations, foreign currency and rupee denominated offshore bonds and private placement of bonds, advisory work for securities market intermediaries, advisory services to listed companies, statutory and regulatory compliance, registrations with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) etc.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:30:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(47,'Joint Venture Law','','1',NULL,'Joint Venture Law','joint-venture-law','1601967814.png','','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:31:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(48,'Private Equity','','1',NULL,'Private Equity','private-equity','1601967827.png','','','','0','','We help our venture capital clients and early-stage financers in transactions involving private equity placements. We assist venture capital funds in determining investment criteria, provide legal assistance in evaluating, negotiating, structuring and consummating private equity transactions.','<p>We help our venture capital clients and early-stage financers in transactions involving private equity placements. We assist venture capital funds in determining investment criteria, provide legal assistance in evaluating, negotiating, structuring and consummating private equity transactions. We cover various facets of private equity like leveraged buyouts, venture capital and fund formation etc. Our private equity lawyers have drafted memorandums of understanding between venture capitalists and investee companies, shareholders agreements, advice on SEBI regulations and capital gains and tax issues etc.</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:31:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1'),(49,'Enforcement Law','','1',NULL,'Enforcement Law','enforcement-law','1601967835.png','','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:31:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(50,'Competition Law','','1',NULL,'Competition Law','competition-law','1601967845.png','','','','0','','',NULL,1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:32:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0'),(51,'Sports Law','','1',NULL,'Sports Law','sports-law','1601967852.png','','','','0','','Sports Law','<p>Sports Law</p>\n',1,NULL,NULL,'0',0,'0','0',NULL,'2020-09-30 17:32:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0');

--
-- Table structure for table `wps_cities_list`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_cities_list` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `city` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `temp_title` varchar(220) DEFAULT NULL,
  `state_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `country_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `image_name` varchar(160) DEFAULT NULL,
  `is_featured` enum('0','1') NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `status` enum('0','1','2') NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `state_id` (`state_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_cities_list`
--

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--
-- Table structure for table `wps_city`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_city` (
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  `state_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
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--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_city`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_city_list`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_city_list` (
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--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_city_list`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_clients`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_clients` (
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--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_clients`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_cms_pages`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_cms_pages` (
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  `description1` varchar(500) NOT NULL,
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--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_cms_pages`
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INSERT INTO `wps_cms_pages` VALUES (1,0,'About Us','about-us','<p>Seraphic Advisors is renowned for its strategy in complex deals and disputes. We believe in organic growth and the Firm facilitates grooming of talent which is our core strength. Our highly motivated and experienced lawyers have an eye for detail which translates to robust advice for our clients.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2>Our Objective</h2>\n\n<p>Our Firm was established with an aim to make legal services effective, efficient, and hassle-free for our clients. Our team focuses to provide innovative and goal-oriented legal solutions. Our vision is to work with our global partners to ease worry on legal issues in India. Our Firm is known for trust, integrity and personalised attention towards the clients.</p>\n\n<h2>Our Team</h2>\n\n<p>Seraphic Advisors takes pride to have a team of highly motivated lawyers. Each professional of our Firm is dedicated towards service delivery and aims to be a thought leader in his area of expertise. In addition to a degree in law, many of our professionals have dual qualifications and are also recommended in the fields of accounting, investments, company compliances, engineering etc.</p>\n','','1597206275.jpg','0','0','1594967178.png','0','0','15949671781.png','0','0','15949671782.png','0','0','0','0','1','2021-03-05 12:10:28'),(2,0,'Terms & Conditions','terms-conditions','Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry\'s standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.','','','0','0','','','','','','','','','','','','2','2020-05-25 17:36:03'),(3,0,'Privacy Policy','privacy-policy','Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry\'s standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.\n','','','0','0','','','','','','','','','','','','2','2019-12-13 12:36:41'),(4,0,'Contact Us','contact-us','<p>Call, email, send us a postcard &mdash; whatever works for you. We&#39;ll be here.</p>\n','','','0','0','','','','','','','','','','','','1','2019-12-13 12:11:07'),(5,0,'Shipping Information','shipping-information','Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry\'s standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.\n','','','0','0','','','','','','','','','','','','2','2019-12-13 12:37:04'),(6,0,'Shipping Policy','shipping-policy','<p>Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry&#39;s standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.</p>\n','','','0','0','','','','','','','','','','','','2','2020-05-25 17:31:43'),(7,0,'Return & Refund Policy','return-and-refund-policy','<h4>Diy Hardware reserves the right to cancel any order under the following circumstances:</h4>\n\n<p>1. You provide wrong or incomplete details (complete address including PIN code, phone number, etc.) while placing the order.<br />\n2. You do not re-confirm COD orders.<br />\n3. Wrong product listing on our website (error in price, specification, quantity etc.)<br />\n4. Product unavailability with us.<br />\n5. Delivery service not available at your specified address (Pincode).</p>\n\n<p><strong>There are a few important things to keep in mind when returning a product you purchased.</strong></p>\n\n<p>You can intimate our team (customercare@diyhardware.in) for return of damaged &amp; defective items within 3 working days of receipt of your goods.</p>\n\n<p>To complete your return, we require a receipt or proof of purchase</p>\n\n<p>Returns will be accepted for items only with manufacturing defects/wrong products delivered/in-transit damages. Only items that have been purchased directly from us.</p>\n\n<p>To be eligible for a return, your item must be unused and in the same condition that you received it. It must also be in the original packaging.</p>\n\n<p>Replacement/Refund:Replacement product will be shipped to you within 7 working days. If replacement can&rsquo;t be provided we will refund the entire amount Warranty Claims as per the Brand&rsquo;s Warranty Policy</p>\n\n<p>COD charges paid by the customer while ordering will be deducted from the total order value in case of refunds being made to the customer.</p>\n\n<p>If the item meets the characteristics described by seller and corresponds your request (color, size, configuration, etc.) and there are no defects, such item is not eligible for return and refund. It is only possible to return items which are significantly different from photographs and description provided by the seller.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Please note:</strong> In a few casestimes, we don&rsquo;t accept return/exchange if we have shipped the correct item.This is totally as per Diy Hardware&rsquo;s discretion and is handled on a case to case basis</p>\n','','','0','0','','0','0','','0','0','','0','0','0','0','2','2020-09-01 11:41:27'),(8,0,'Order Tracking','order-tracking','<p><strong><img alt=\"\" src=\"http://localhost/khuzam_industries/uploaded_files/userfiles/images/about-us.jpg\" style=\"float:right; height:189px; width:267px\" />Shopping that helps you make the right choice</strong><br />\r\nWe offer Shopping that is stylish, trendy and reliable &ndash; the Shopping that is light on your pockets, the Shopping that offers all of your favourite brands and more, the Shopping that is simpler, easier, faster and always Online.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nAt Review Real Estate, we understand shopping better, and therefore, we strive to offer you the best of fashion and elegance. We showcase products from all categories such as clothing, footwear, jewellery, accessories, home &amp; living, personal care, and exotic cosmetics.<br />\r\n<strong>Review Real Estate &ndash; the 24 x7 Online Fashion &amp; Lifestyle Store for everyone</strong><br />\r\nForget the fashion streets of the world. We, at Review Real Estate, have all that you need to glam up your lifestyle. From extensive range of men&rsquo;s shirts to exotic .<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>Review Real Estate &ndash; the 24 x7 Online Fashion &amp; Lifestyle Store for everyone</strong><br />\r\nForget the fashion streets of the world. We, at Review Real Estate, have all that you need to glam up your lifestyle. From extensive range of men&rsquo;s shirts to exotic dresses for women to funkiest clothes for kids to matching footwear, sports shoes and accessories for everyone, we purvey diversity of choices under one umbrella. at 0124-6128000 (ctr).</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n <li>A user friendly interface</li>\r\n <li>Find out and sort suitable partners.</li>\r\n <li>Free registration and online customer support.</li>\r\n <li>Best-in-class match-making services.</li>\r\n <li>Combine varied colors of caste, religion, mother-tongue, communities.</li>\r\n <li>A user friendly interface</li>\r\n <li>Find out and sort suitable partners.</li>\r\n <li>Find out and sort suitable partners.</li>\r\n <li>Best-in-class match-making services.</li>\r\n <li>Free registration and online customer support.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Review Real Estate &ndash; the 24 x7 Online Fashion &amp; Lifestyle Store for everyone</strong><br />\r\nForget the fashion streets of the world. We, at Review Real Estate, have all that you need to glam up your lifestyle. From extensive range of men&rsquo;s shirts to exotic dresses for women to funkiest clothes for kids to matching footwear, sports shoes and accessories for everyone, we purvey diversity of choices under one umbrella. Your Review Real Estate Online Shop has arrived! Do not miss the attractive best buy prices and super discount offers. Get more, pay lesser! Drop a line at care@jabong.com for any query or give us a call at 0124-6128000 (ctr).</p>\r\n','','','','','','','','','','','','','','','','2','2014-07-24 12:19:34'),(9,0,'Benefits of Registration','register','<div class=\"p10 fs11 bg-gray mt5 border1 mt10\"> Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry\'s standard dummy text ever since the 1500. </div>\r\n        <div class=\"mylist mt25 ml2\" style=\"min-height:130px\">\r\n          <p>Taxes included Login Right</p>\r\n          <p>One voucher valid for one person only</p>\r\n          <p>Can purchase multiple voucher for gifting</p>\r\n          <p>Prior booking mandatory (Call - 080-26646598, 9538995052)</p>\r\n          <p>Discount Coupon can be redeemed in multiple visits</p>\r\n        </div>','','','','','','','','','','','','','','','','2','2014-08-13 11:12:23'),(10,0,'Help','help','<p><strong>Shopping that helps you make the right choice</strong><br />\r\nWe offer Shopping that is stylish, trendy and reliable &ndash; the Shopping that is light on your pockets, the Shopping that offers all of your favourite brands and more, the Shopping that is simpler, easier, faster and always Online.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nAt Review Real Estate, we understand shopping better, and therefore, we strive to offer you the best of fashion and elegance. We showcase products from all categories such as clothing, footwear, jewellery, accessories, home &amp; living, personal care, and exotic cosmetics.<br />\r\n<strong>Review Real Estate &ndash; the 24 x7 Online Fashion &amp; Lifestyle Store for everyone</strong><br />\r\nForget the fashion streets of the world. We, at Review Real Estate, have all that you need to glam up your lifestyle. From extensive range of men&rsquo;s shirts to exotic .<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>Review Real Estate &ndash; the 24 x7 Online Fashion &amp; Lifestyle Store for everyone</strong><br />\r\nForget the fashion streets of the world. We, at Review Real Estate, have all that you need to glam up your lifestyle. From extensive range of men&rsquo;s shirts to exotic dresses for women to funkiest clothes for kids to matching footwear, sports shoes and accessories for everyone, we purvey diversity of choices under one umbrella. at 0124-6128000 (ctr).</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n <li>A user friendly interface</li>\r\n <li>Find out and sort suitable partners.</li>\r\n <li>Free registration and online customer support.</li>\r\n <li>Best-in-class match-making services.</li>\r\n <li>Combine varied colors of caste, religion, mother-tongue, communities.</li>\r\n <li>A user friendly interface</li>\r\n <li>Find out and sort suitable partners.</li>\r\n <li>Find out and sort suitable partners.</li>\r\n <li>Best-in-class match-making services.</li>\r\n <li>Free registration and online customer support.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Review Real Estate &ndash; the 24 x7 Online Fashion &amp; Lifestyle Store for everyone</strong><br />\r\nForget the fashion streets of the world. We, at Review Real Estate, have all that you need to glam up your lifestyle. From extensive range of men&rsquo;s shirts to exotic dresses for women to funkiest clothes for kids to matching footwear, sports shoes and accessories for everyone, we purvey diversity of choices under one umbrella. Your Review Real Estate Online Shop has arrived! Do not miss the attractive best buy prices and super discount offers. Get more, pay lesser! Drop a line at care@jabong.com for any query or give us a call at 0124-6128000 (ctr).</p>\r\n','','','','','','','','','','','','','','','','2','2014-07-24 12:17:14'),(11,0,'Disclaimer','disclaimer','Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry\'s standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.\n','','','0','0','','','','','','','','','','','','2','2019-12-13 12:36:51'),(12,0,'Home','home','<p>Seraphic Advisors is a multi-specialised&nbsp;corporate law firm in India providing practical legal solutions to their domestic and international clients. We render unparalleled legal assistance in India. Our lawyers are highly respected amongst peers in their respective areas of specialisation. Our law firm is distinguished for its commitment and unmatched experience of our lawyers.</p>\n\n<h2>What We Do</h2>\n\n<p>We offer focused and business driven legal advice to our clients. The extensive experience of our lawyers enables them to handle the most complex legal issues across jurisdictions. Our areas of expertise include corporate advisory, dispute resolution, arbitration &amp; mediation, public policy, regulatory, mergers &amp; acquisitions, foreign investments, construction and infrastructure, insolvency, labour &amp; employment, intellectual property and contract management in different sectors such as metro rail and urban transport, airports, ports, roads, power, real estate, aviation, media, telecommunications, information technology, pharmaceutical, insurance and banking.</p>\n\n<h2>Our Strength</h2>\n\n<ul>\n <li>Extensive Experience: Our attorneys have extensive experience in their field of expertise.&nbsp;</li>\n <li>Cost-effective: Our services are cost-effective as we aim to make our legal services an effective tool for business operations rather than a cost centre.</li>\n <li>Effective Communication: Communication is the key to achieve maximum success in legal matters.</li>\n <li>Wide Spectrum of Clients: The Firm takes pride in having a wide range of clients from diverse industries and geographies and work with private businesses and government and public sector authorities.</li>\n <li>Handling Complex Transactions: Our team of excellent professionals enable us to consistently achieve success in complex disputes and transactions.</li>\n</ul>\n','','','About Seraphic Advisors','0','','0','0','','0','0','','0','0','0','0','1','2022-12-24 12:05:22');

--
-- Table structure for table `wps_colors`
--

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--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_colors`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_countries`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_countries` (
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--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_countries`
--

INSERT INTO `wps_countries` VALUES (1,'India','IN','IND',0,1),(2,'Albania','AL','ALB',0,1),(3,'Algeria','DZ','DZA',0,1),(4,'American Samoa','AS','ASM',0,1),(5,'Andorra','AD','AND',0,1),(6,'Angola','AO','AGO',0,1),(7,'Anguilla','AI','AIA',0,1),(8,'Antarctica','AQ','ATA',0,1),(9,'Antigua and Barbuda','AG','ATG',0,1),(10,'Argentina','AR','ARG',0,1),(11,'Armenia','AM','ARM',0,1),(12,'Aruba','AW','ABW',0,1),(13,'Australia','AU','AUS',0,1),(14,'Austria','AT','AUT',0,1),(15,'Azerbaijan','AZ','AZE',0,1),(16,'Bahamas','BS','BHS',0,1),(17,'Bahrain','BH','BHR',0,1),(18,'Bangladesh','BD','BGD',0,1),(19,'Barbados','BB','BRB',0,1),(20,'Belarus','BY','BLR',0,1),(21,'Belgium','BE','BEL',0,1),(22,'Belize','BZ','BLZ',0,1),(23,'Benin','BJ','BEN',0,1),(24,'Bermuda','BM','BMU',0,1),(25,'Bhutan','BT','BTN',0,1),(26,'Bolivia','BO','BOL',0,1),(27,'Bosnia and Herzegowina','BA','BIH',0,1),(28,'Botswana','BW','BWA',0,1),(29,'Bouvet Island','BV','BVT',0,1),(30,'Brazil','BR','BRA',0,1),(31,'British Indian Ocean Territory','IO','IOT',0,1),(32,'Brunei Darussalam','BN','BRN',0,1),(33,'Bulgaria','BG','BGR',0,1),(34,'Burkina Faso','BF','BFA',0,1),(35,'Burundi','BI','BDI',0,1),(36,'Cambodia','KH','KHM',0,1),(37,'Cameroon','CM','CMR',0,1),(38,'Canada','CA','CAN',0,1),(39,'Cape Verde','CV','CPV',0,1),(40,'Cayman Islands','KY','CYM',0,1),(41,'Central African Republic','CF','CAF',0,1),(42,'Chad','TD','TCD',0,1),(43,'Chile','CL','CHL',0,1),(44,'China','CN','CHN',0,1),(45,'Christmas Island','CX','CXR',0,1),(46,'Cocos (Keeling) Islands','CC','CCK',0,1),(47,'Colombia','CO','COL',0,1),(48,'Comoros','KM','COM',0,1),(49,'Congo','CG','COG',0,1),(50,'Cook Islands','CK','COK',0,1),(51,'Costa Rica','CR','CRI',0,1),(52,'Cote D\'Ivoire','CI','CIV',0,1),(53,'Croatia','HR','HRV',0,1),(54,'Cuba','CU','CUB',0,1),(55,'Cyprus','CY','CYP',0,1),(56,'Czech Republic','CZ','CZE',0,1),(57,'Denmark','DK','DNK',0,1),(58,'Djibouti','DJ','DJI',0,1),(59,'Dominica','DM','DMA',0,1),(60,'Dominican Republic','DO','DOM',0,1),(61,'East Timor','TP','TMP',0,1),(62,'Ecuador','EC','ECU',0,1),(63,'Egypt','EG','EGY',0,1),(64,'El Salvador','SV','SLV',0,1),(65,'Equatorial Guinea','GQ','GNQ',0,1),(66,'Eritrea','ER','ERI',0,1),(67,'Estonia','EE','EST',0,1),(68,'Ethiopia','ET','ETH',0,1),(69,'Falkland Islands (Malvinas)','FK','FLK',0,1),(70,'Faroe Islands','FO','FRO',0,1),(71,'Fiji','FJ','FJI',0,1),(72,'Finland','FI','FIN',0,1),(73,'France','FR','FRA',0,1),(74,'France, Metropolitan','FX','FXX',0,1),(75,'French Guiana','GF','GUF',0,1),(76,'French Polynesia','PF','PYF',0,1),(77,'French Southern Territories','TF','ATF',0,1),(78,'Gabon','GA','GAB',0,1),(79,'Gambia','GM','GMB',0,1),(80,'Georgia','GE','GEO',0,1),(81,'Germany','DE','DEU',0,1),(82,'Ghana','GH','GHA',0,1),(83,'Gibraltar','GI','GIB',0,1),(84,'Greece','GR','GRC',0,1),(85,'Greenland','GL','GRL',0,1),(86,'Grenada','GD','GRD',0,1),(87,'Guadeloupe','GP','GLP',0,1),(88,'Guam','GU','GUM',0,1),(89,'Guatemala','GT','GTM',0,1),(90,'Guinea','GN','GIN',0,1),(91,'Guinea-bissau','GW','GNB',0,1),(92,'Guyana','GY','GUY',0,1),(93,'Haiti','HT','HTI',0,1),(94,'Heard and Mc Donald Islands','HM','HMD',0,1),(95,'Honduras','HN','HND',0,1),(96,'Hong Kong','HK','HKG',0,1),(97,'Hungary','HU','HUN',0,1),(98,'Iceland','IS','ISL',0,1),(99,'India','IN','IND',0,1),(100,'Indonesia','ID','IDN',0,1),(101,'Iran (Islamic Republic of)','IR','IRN',0,1),(102,'Iraq','IQ','IRQ',0,1),(103,'Ireland','IE','IRL',0,1),(104,'Israel','IL','ISR',0,1),(105,'Italy','IT','ITA',0,1),(106,'Jamaica','JM','JAM',0,1),(107,'Japan','JP','JPN',0,1),(108,'Jordan','JO','JOR',0,1),(109,'Kazakhstan','KZ','KAZ',0,1),(110,'Kenya','KE','KEN',0,1),(111,'Kiribati','KI','KIR',0,1),(112,'North Korea','KP','PRK',0,1),(113,'Korea, Republic of','KR','KOR',0,1),(114,'Kuwait','KW','KWT',0,1),(115,'Kyrgyzstan','KG','KGZ',0,1),(116,'Lao People\'s Democratic Republic','LA','LAO',0,1),(117,'Latvia','LV','LVA',0,1),(118,'Lebanon','LB','LBN',0,1),(119,'Lesotho','LS','LSO',0,1),(120,'Liberia','LR','LBR',0,1),(121,'Libyan Arab Jamahiriya','LY','LBY',0,1),(122,'Liechtenstein','LI','LIE',0,1),(123,'Lithuania','LT','LTU',0,1),(124,'Luxembourg','LU','LUX',0,1),(125,'Macau','MO','MAC',0,1),(126,'Macedonia','MK','MKD',0,1),(127,'Madagascar','MG','MDG',0,1),(128,'Malawi','MW','MWI',0,1),(129,'Malaysia','MY','MYS',0,1),(130,'Maldives','MV','MDV',0,1),(131,'Mali','ML','MLI',0,1),(132,'Malta','MT','MLT',0,1),(133,'Marshall Islands','MH','MHL',0,1),(134,'Martinique','MQ','MTQ',0,1),(135,'Mauritania','MR','MRT',0,1),(136,'Mauritius','MU','MUS',0,1),(137,'Mayotte','YT','MYT',0,1),(138,'Mexico','MX','MEX',0,1),(139,'Micronesia, Federated States of','FM','FSM',0,1),(140,'Moldova, Republic of','MD','MDA',0,1),(141,'Monaco','MC','MCO',0,1),(142,'Mongolia','MN','MNG',0,1),(143,'Montserrat','MS','MSR',0,1),(144,'Morocco','MA','MAR',0,1),(145,'Mozambique','MZ','MOZ',0,1),(146,'Myanmar','MM','MMR',0,1),(147,'Namibia','NA','NAM',0,1),(148,'Nauru','NR','NRU',0,1),(149,'Nepal','NP','NPL',0,1),(150,'Netherlands','NL','NLD',0,1),(151,'Netherlands Antilles','AN','ANT',0,1),(152,'New Caledonia','NC','NCL',0,1),(153,'New Zealand','NZ','NZL',0,1),(154,'Nicaragua','NI','NIC',0,1),(155,'Niger','NE','NER',0,1),(156,'Nigeria','NG','NGA',0,1),(157,'Niue','NU','NIU',0,1),(158,'Norfolk Island','NF','NFK',0,1),(159,'Northern Mariana Islands','MP','MNP',0,1),(160,'Norway','NO','NOR',0,1),(161,'Oman','OM','OMN',0,1),(162,'Pakistan','PK','PAK',0,1),(163,'Palau','PW','PLW',0,1),(164,'Panama','PA','PAN',0,1),(165,'Papua New Guinea','PG','PNG',0,1),(166,'Paraguay','PY','PRY',0,1),(167,'Peru','PE','PER',0,1),(168,'Philippines','PH','PHL',0,1),(169,'Pitcairn','PN','PCN',0,1),(170,'Poland','PL','POL',0,1),(171,'Portugal','PT','PRT',0,1),(172,'Puerto Rico','PR','PRI',0,1),(173,'Qatar','QA','QAT',0,1),(174,'Reunion','RE','REU',0,1),(175,'Romania','RO','ROM',0,1),(176,'Russian Federation','RU','RUS',0,1),(177,'Rwanda','RW','RWA',0,1),(178,'Saint Kitts and Nevis','KN','KNA',0,1),(179,'Saint Lucia','LC','LCA',0,1),(180,'Saint Vincent and the Grenadines','VC','VCT',0,1),(181,'Samoa','WS','WSM',0,1),(182,'San Marino','SM','SMR',0,1),(183,'Sao Tome and Principe','ST','STP',0,1),(184,'Saudi Arabia','SA','SAU',0,1),(185,'Senegal','SN','SEN',0,1),(186,'Seychelles','SC','SYC',0,1),(187,'Sierra Leone','SL','SLE',0,1),(188,'Singapore','SG','SGP',0,1),(189,'Slovak Republic','SK','SVK',0,1),(190,'Slovenia','SI','SVN',0,1),(191,'Solomon Islands','SB','SLB',0,1),(192,'Somalia','SO','SOM',0,1),(193,'South Africa','ZA','ZAF',0,1),(194,'South Georgia &amp; South Sandwich Islands','GS','SGS',0,1),(195,'Spain','ES','ESP',0,1),(196,'Sri Lanka','LK','LKA',0,1),(197,'St. Helena','SH','SHN',0,1),(198,'St. Pierre and Miquelon','PM','SPM',0,1),(199,'Sudan','SD','SDN',0,1),(200,'Suriname','SR','SUR',0,1),(201,'Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands','SJ','SJM',0,1),(202,'Swaziland','SZ','SWZ',0,1),(203,'Sweden','SE','SWE',0,1),(204,'Switzerland','CH','CHE',0,1),(205,'Syrian Arab Republic','SY','SYR',0,1),(206,'Taiwan','TW','TWN',0,1),(207,'Tajikistan','TJ','TJK',0,1),(208,'Tanzania, United Republic of','TZ','TZA',0,1),(209,'Thailand','TH','THA',0,1),(210,'Togo','TG','TGO',0,1),(211,'Tokelau','TK','TKL',0,1),(212,'Tonga','TO','TON',0,1),(213,'Trinidad and Tobago','TT','TTO',0,1),(214,'Tunisia','TN','TUN',0,1),(215,'Turkey','TR','TUR',0,1),(216,'Turkmenistan','TM','TKM',0,1),(217,'Turks and Caicos Islands','TC','TCA',0,1),(218,'Tuvalu','TV','TUV',0,1),(219,'Uganda','UG','UGA',0,1),(220,'Ukraine','UA','UKR',0,1),(221,'United Arab Emirates','AE','ARE',0,1),(222,'United Kingdom','GB','GBR',0,1),(223,'United States','US','USA',0,1),(224,'United States Minor Outlying Islands','UM','UMI',0,1),(225,'Uruguay','UY','URY',0,1),(226,'Uzbekistan','UZ','UZB',0,1),(227,'Vanuatu','VU','VUT',0,1),(228,'Vatican City State (Holy See)','VA','VAT',0,1),(229,'Venezuela','VE','VEN',0,1),(230,'Viet Nam','VN','VNM',0,1),(231,'Virgin Islands (British)','VG','VGB',0,1),(232,'Virgin Islands (U.S.)','VI','VIR',0,1),(233,'Wallis and Futuna Islands','WF','WLF',0,1),(234,'Western Sahara','EH','ESH',0,1),(235,'Yemen','YE','YEM',0,1),(236,'Yugoslavia','YU','YUG',0,1),(237,'Democratic Republic of Congo','CD','COD',0,1),(238,'Zambia','ZM','ZMB',0,1),(239,'Zimbabwe','ZW','ZWE',0,1),(240,'Afghanistan','AF','AFG',0,1);

--
-- Table structure for table `wps_countries_list`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_countries_list` (
  `id` int(5) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `countryCode` char(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `name` varchar(45) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `country_temp_name` varchar(220) DEFAULT NULL,
  `status` enum('0','1','2') NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_countries_list`
--

INSERT INTO `wps_countries_list` VALUES (1,'','India','india','1');

--
-- Table structure for table `wps_currencies`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_currencies` (
  `currency_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(32) COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `code` varchar(3) COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `symbol_left` varchar(12) COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL,
  `symbol_right` varchar(12) COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL,
  `decimal_place` char(1) COLLATE utf8_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `value` float(15,4) DEFAULT NULL,
  `is_default` enum('Y','N') COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N',
  `curr_image` varchar(255) COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL,
  `status` enum('1','0') COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  `date_modified` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
  PRIMARY KEY (`currency_id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_bin;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_currencies`
--

INSERT INTO `wps_currencies` VALUES (4,'US Dollar','USD','US $','','2',0.0200,'N','usov2L.png','1','2010-10-30 09:59:24'),(2,'Pound Sterling ','GBP','Â£','','2',0.0100,'N','ukA8iT.png','1','2010-10-30 09:59:24'),(1,'India','IND','₹','','2',1.0000,'Y','aexCXt.png','1','2010-10-30 09:59:24');

--
-- Table structure for table `wps_customers`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_customers` (
  `customers_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `title` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  `user_name` varchar(80) NOT NULL COMMENT 'customer mobile used as username',
  `password` varchar(100) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `email` varchar(220) DEFAULT NULL,
  `first_name` varchar(80) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `last_name` varchar(160) DEFAULT NULL,
  `mobile_number` varchar(32) DEFAULT NULL,
  `gender` enum('M','F') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'M',
  `actkey` varchar(32) NOT NULL,
  `status` enum('0','1','2') NOT NULL DEFAULT '1' COMMENT '0=Inactive,1=Active,2=Deleted ',
  `is_verified` enum('0','1') NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '0=unverfied,1=verfied',
  `is_self_verified` enum('0','1') NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `login_type` enum('normal','facebook','twitter') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'normal',
  `login_status` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `account_created_date` timestamp NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
  `current_login` datetime NOT NULL,
  `last_login_date` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `ip_address` varchar(25) NOT NULL,
  `is_blocked` enum('0','1') NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '0=unblocked,1=blocked',
  `block_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `dob` date NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`customers_id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_customers`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_customers_address_book`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_customers_address_book` (
  `address_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `customer_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `mtitle` varchar(10) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `first_name` varchar(80) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `last_name` varchar(80) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `address` varchar(200) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `landmark` varchar(250) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `mobile` varchar(25) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `zipcode` varchar(25) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `phone` varchar(25) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `fax` varchar(50) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `city` varchar(250) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `state` varchar(100) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `country` varchar(250) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `reciv_date` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
  `address_type` enum('Bill','Ship') COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT 'Bill',
  `default_address` enum('N','Y') COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N',
  `default_status` enum('Y','N') COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N',
  PRIMARY KEY (`address_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_customers_address_book`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_discount_coupans`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_discount_coupans` (
  `cpn_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `cpn_type` enum('0','1') NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '0=Fixed/1=Percentage',
  `cpn_code` text NOT NULL,
  `cpn_name` text NOT NULL,
  `cpn_rate` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `minimum_amount_for_coupan_apply` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `cpn_start_date` date NOT NULL,
  `cpn_end_date` date NOT NULL,
  `status` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1' COMMENT '0=Deactive/1=Active/2=Deleted',
  PRIMARY KEY (`cpn_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_discount_coupans`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_enquiry`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_enquiry` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `products_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `customers_id` text,
  `type` enum('1','2','3','4','5') NOT NULL DEFAULT '4' COMMENT '1 = Enquiries, 2 = Suggestioin, 3 = Feedback, 4 = Product Enquiry, 5 = Complaint',
  `email` varchar(80) NOT NULL,
  `first_name` varchar(30) NOT NULL,
  `last_name` varchar(30) DEFAULT NULL,
  `mobile_number` varchar(30) DEFAULT NULL,
  `message` text,
  `quantity` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `post_url` varchar(250) DEFAULT NULL,
  `location` varchar(220) DEFAULT NULL,
  `custom_image` varchar(160) DEFAULT NULL,
  `product_size` varchar(160) DEFAULT NULL,
  `status` enum('0','1','2') NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `reply_status` enum('Y','N') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N',
  `is_verified` enum('0','1') NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `receive_date` datetime NOT NULL,
  `update_date` date NOT NULL DEFAULT '0000-00-00',
  `updated_by` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=23 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_enquiry`
--

INSERT INTO `wps_enquiry` VALUES (17,NULL,NULL,'4','mohammaddanishquadri@gmail.com','Mohammad Danish','0','7588332277','Regarding Applying for an Internship for the month of January 2023.',NULL,NULL,'Mumbai',NULL,NULL,'0','N','0','2022-12-23 15:48:15','0000-00-00',NULL),(18,NULL,NULL,'4','aman.mankani@pedalstart.com','Aman','0','9928369058','Partnership Proposal to provide services to our 1000 community startups',NULL,NULL,'Gurgaon',NULL,NULL,'0','N','0','2023-02-08 13:33:53','0000-00-00',NULL),(19,NULL,NULL,'4','khairnarchirag@yahoo.com','Chirag Khairnar','0','9998495267','Hello I am working on a crossborder FinTech concept I need some guidance regarding regulatory compliances in India for it Please let me know if it is possible to have a short discussion with one of your Fintech experts. Thank you Looking forward to hearing from you soon',NULL,NULL,'Ahmedabad',NULL,NULL,'0','N','0','2023-02-18 22:58:53','0000-00-00',NULL),(21,NULL,NULL,'4','cs6@webpulseindia.com','Testing','0','1234567890','delhi',NULL,NULL,'delhi',NULL,NULL,'0','N','0','2023-07-24 16:32:55','0000-00-00',NULL),(22,NULL,NULL,'4','mayank297@gmail.com','Mayank Grover','0','9810579180','test',NULL,NULL,'delhi',NULL,NULL,'0','N','0','2023-07-25 16:22:02','0000-00-00',NULL);

--
-- Table structure for table `wps_ip_details`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_ip_details` (
  `login_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `member_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `ip_address` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  `recv_date` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
  PRIMARY KEY (`login_id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_ip_details`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_login_token`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_login_token` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `token` text NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `created` datetime NOT NULL,
  `status` varchar(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1' COMMENT '1=> Active 0=> Inactive',
  `uuid` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `device` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `manufacturer` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `last_login` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_login_token`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_meta_tags`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_meta_tags` (
  `meta_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `is_fixed` enum('Y','N','L','C') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N',
  `entity_type` varchar(80) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'name of controllers  ',
  `entity_id` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `page_url` varchar(200) NOT NULL,
  `meta_title` text CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `meta_description` text CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `meta_keyword` text CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci,
  `keyword_1` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `keyword_2` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `keyword_3` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `parent_id` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
  `page_heading` varchar(250) DEFAULT NULL,
  `page_content` text,
  `category_links` varchar(160) DEFAULT NULL,
  `status` enum('0','1') NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  PRIMARY KEY (`meta_id`),
  KEY `page_url` (`page_url`),
  KEY `entity_type` (`entity_type`),
  KEY `entity_id` (`entity_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=193 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_meta_tags`
--



--
-- Table structure for table `wps_order`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_order` (
  `order_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `customers_id` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `invoice_number` varchar(30) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `first_name` varchar(50) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `last_name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `phone` varchar(50) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `mobile` text,
  `email` varchar(50) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'In case of user login  user_name  ',
  `billing_title` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `billing_name` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `billing_address` varchar(223) DEFAULT NULL,
  `billing_landmark` varchar(250) DEFAULT NULL,
  `billing_phone` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `billing_fax` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `billing_zipcode` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `billing_country` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `billing_state` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `billing_city` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `shipping_title` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `shipping_name` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `shipping_address` varchar(223) DEFAULT NULL,
  `shipping_landmark` varchar(250) DEFAULT NULL,
  `shipping_phone` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `shipping_fax` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `shipping_zipcode` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `shipping_country` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `shipping_state` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `shipping_city` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `last_shopping_comment` text,
  `shipping_method` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `discount_coupon_id` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
  `coupon_discount_amount` float(10,2) DEFAULT '0.00',
  `shipping_amount` float(10,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `total_amount` decimal(10,2) NOT NULL,
  `previous_cart_total` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `vat_amount` decimal(15,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `vat_applied_cent` float(10,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0.00',
  `cod_amount` decimal(10,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0.00',
  `idcard_no` varchar(250) DEFAULT NULL,
  `pickup_point` varchar(250) DEFAULT NULL,
  `currency_code` char(3) DEFAULT NULL,
  `currency_value` decimal(14,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `order_status` enum('0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9') NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '0 = Order Placed, 1 = Order Confirmed, 2 = Dispatched, 3 = InTransit, 4 = Out for delivery, 5 = Cancelled, 6 = Returned, 7 = Request for Return, 8 = Delivered, 9 = Deleted',
  `order_received_date` datetime DEFAULT '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
  `expected_delivery_date` date NOT NULL DEFAULT '0000-00-00',
  `order_delivery_date` datetime DEFAULT '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
  `order_status_time` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
  `total_discounted_price` float(12,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `order_confirmed_date` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `order_dispatched_date` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `order_in_transit_date` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `order_out_for_delivery_date` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `order_cancelled_date` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `order_returned_date` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `order_request_for_return_date` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `reason_for_return` text,
  `payment_method` varchar(200) DEFAULT NULL,
  `courier_company_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `courier_partner` varchar(250) DEFAULT NULL,
  `tracking_code` varchar(200) DEFAULT NULL,
  `tracking_text` text,
  `payment_status` enum('Paid','Unpaid','Pending') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'Unpaid',
  `paymentResponse` text,
  `added_by` enum('WEB','API') DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`order_id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_order`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_orders_products`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_orders_products` (
  `orders_products_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `order_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `products_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `product_name` varchar(100) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `product_code` varchar(100) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `product_image` longblob NOT NULL,
  `product_image_name` varchar(200) NOT NULL,
  `product_price` float(10,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `gst` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
  `shipping_charges` float(10,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `quantity` int(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `event_date` varchar(200) NOT NULL,
  `event_time` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `no_of_session` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
  `discount_id` varchar(500) NOT NULL,
  `special_offer_id` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `color_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `size_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `product_attributes` text,
  `store` tinyint(3) DEFAULT NULL,
  `product_type` enum('0','1') NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '0 = product, 1 = catalog',
  `shipping_charge` decimal(11,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `product_discounted_price` float(12,2) NOT NULL,
  `size_type` enum('default','custom') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'default',
  `custom_size` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `product_size` text,
  `request_for_return_date` datetime NOT NULL,
  `return_date` datetime NOT NULL,
  `reason_for_return` text,
  `status` int(11) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`orders_products_id`),
  KEY `order_id` (`orders_products_id`),
  KEY `order_no` (`order_id`),
  KEY `order_id_2` (`order_id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_orders_products`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_otp`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_otp` (
  `otpId` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `mobile_number` varchar(15) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `otp` int(10) NOT NULL,
  `status` enum('0','1') COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  PRIMARY KEY (`otpId`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_otp`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_payment`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_payment` (
  `id` int(255) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `reference_id` text NOT NULL,
  `transId` text NOT NULL,
  `order_id` varchar(300) NOT NULL,
  `user_id` int(255) NOT NULL,
  `amount` varchar(30) NOT NULL,
  `payment_status` text NOT NULL,
  `payment_mode` text NOT NULL,
  `txn_response` longtext NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_payment`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_product_attributes`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_product_attributes` (
  `attribute_id` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `product_id` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
  `color_id` bigint(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  `size_id` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
  `quantity` bigint(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  `used_quantity` bigint(11) DEFAULT '0',
  `product_price` float(15,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `product_discounted_price` float(15,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `status` enum('0','1','2') COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '1' COMMENT '1=active,0=inactive,2=deleted',
  PRIMARY KEY (`attribute_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_product_attributes`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_products`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_products` (
  `products_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `category_id` varchar(80) NOT NULL COMMENT 'parent_id= last level of category ',
  `customers_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `category_links` varchar(80) NOT NULL,
  `remarks` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `product_name` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `product_icon` text NOT NULL,
  `sort_order` int(3) NOT NULL,
  `product_alt` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `friendly_url` varchar(110) DEFAULT NULL,
  `product_code` varchar(64) NOT NULL,
  `height` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `length` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `width` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `products_description` text NOT NULL COMMENT 'full description',
  `product_price` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `product_discounted_price` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `shipping_charges` float(10,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '150.00',
  `gst` enum('5','12','18','28') NOT NULL DEFAULT '18',
  `size` varchar(500) NOT NULL,
  `size_ids` varchar(200) DEFAULT NULL,
  `color_ids` varchar(200) DEFAULT NULL,
  `product_brand` varchar(200) NOT NULL,
  `product_qty` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `youtube_id` varchar(220) DEFAULT NULL,
  `short_desc` text NOT NULL,
  `disclaimer` longtext NOT NULL,
  `terms_of_sale` longtext NOT NULL,
  `status` enum('0','1','2') NOT NULL DEFAULT '1' COMMENT '1=active,0=inactive,2=deleted',
  `product_added_date` datetime NOT NULL,
  `product_updated_date` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `latest_product` enum('0','1') DEFAULT '0',
  `bestseller_product` enum('0','1') NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `popular_product` enum('0','1') NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `newarrival_product` enum('0','1') NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `products_viewed` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `availability` enum('Available','Unavailable') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'Available',
  PRIMARY KEY (`products_id`),
  KEY `status` (`status`),
  KEY `products_id` (`products_id`),
  KEY `category_id` (`category_id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_products`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_products_media`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_products_media` (
  `id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `products_id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL,
  `media_type` enum('photo','video','pdf') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'photo',
  `media` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `is_default` enum('Y','N') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N',
  `sort_order` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `media_date_added` datetime NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `idx_products_images_products_id` (`products_id`),
  KEY `products_id` (`products_id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_products_media`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_products_related`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_products_related` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `product_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `related_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `status` enum('0','1','2') NOT NULL DEFAULT '1' COMMENT '1=active,0=inactive,2=deleted',
  `sort_order` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `related_date_added` datetime NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_products_related`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_review`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_review` (
  `review_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `product_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `entity_type` varchar(15) COLLATE utf8_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `customer_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `ads_rating` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `author` varchar(70) COLLATE utf8_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `author_email` varchar(80) COLLATE utf8_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `text` text CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `rating_label` varchar(160) COLLATE utf8_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `status` enum('0','1','2') COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `review_date` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
  PRIMARY KEY (`review_id`),
  KEY `product_id` (`product_id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_bin;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_review`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_reviews_media`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_reviews_media` (
  `id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL,
  `review_id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL,
  `media_type` enum('photo','video','pdf') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'photo',
  `media` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `is_default` enum('Y','N') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N',
  `sort_order` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `media_date_added` datetime NOT NULL,
  `status` varchar(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `idx_products_images_products_id` (`review_id`),
  KEY `products_id` (`review_id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_reviews_media`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_sizes`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_sizes` (
  `size_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `size_name` varchar(32) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `size_date_added` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `size_date_updated` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `sort_order` int(3) DEFAULT NULL,
  `status` enum('0','1','2') COLLATE latin1_general_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '1' COMMENT '0=Inactive,1=Active,2=Delete',
  PRIMARY KEY (`size_id`),
  KEY `idx_mfg_name_zen` (`size_name`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 COLLATE=latin1_general_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_sizes`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_states`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_states` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `country_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(250) DEFAULT NULL,
  `temp_title` varchar(250) DEFAULT NULL,
  `created_at` datetime NOT NULL,
  `status` enum('0','1','2') NOT NULL DEFAULT '1' COMMENT '''0''=Inactive,''1''=Active,''2''=Deleted',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_states`
--


--
-- Table structure for table `wps_states_list`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_states_list` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `country_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `temp_title` varchar(220) DEFAULT NULL,
  `status` enum('0','1','2') NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=46 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_states_list`
--

INSERT INTO `wps_states_list` VALUES (1,'Mumbai',1,'mumbai','1'),(3,'Bangalore',1,'bangalore','1'),(4,'Hyderabad',1,'hyderabad','1'),(5,'Ahmedabad',1,'ahmedabad','0'),(6,'Chennai',1,'chennai','1'),(7,'Kolkata',1,'kolkata','1'),(8,'Surat',1,'surat','1'),(9,'Pune',1,'pune','1'),(10,'Jaipur',1,'jaipur','1'),(11,'Lucknow',1,'lucknow','1'),(12,'Nagpur',1,'nagpur','1'),(13,'Indore',1,'indore','1'),(14,'Thane',1,'thane','1'),(15,'Visakhapatnam',1,'visakhapatnam','1'),(16,'Ghaziabad',1,'ghaziabad','1'),(17,'Ludhiana',1,'ludhiana','1'),(18,'Nashik',1,'nashik','1'),(19,'Faridabad',1,'faridabad','1'),(20,'Amritsar',1,'amritsar','1'),(21,'Navi Mumbai',1,'navi-mumbai','1'),(22,'Allahabad',1,'allahabad','1'),(23,'Gwalior',1,'gwalior','1'),(24,'Jabalpur',1,'jabalpur','1'),(25,'Coimbatore',1,'coimbatore','1'),(26,'Vijayawada',1,'vijayawada','1'),(27,'Jodhpur',1,'jodhpur','1'),(28,'Raipur',1,'raipur','1'),(29,'Chandigarh',1,'chandigarh','1'),(30,'Guwahati',1,'guwahati','1'),(31,'Gurgaon',1,'gurgaon','1'),(32,'Jalandhar',1,'jalandhar','1'),(33,'Noida',1,'noida','1'),(34,'Kochi',1,'kochi','1'),(35,'Thiruvananthapuram',1,'thiruvananthapuram','1'),(36,'Kozhikode',1,'kozhikode','1'),(37,'Rohtak',1,'rohtak','1'),(39,'Secunderabad',1,'secunderabad','1'),(40,'Panchkula',1,'panchkula','1'),(41,'Gandhinagar',1,'gandhinagar','1'),(42,'Ambala',1,'ambala','1'),(43,'Shimla',1,'shimla','1'),(44,'Amaravati',1,'amaravati','1'),(45,'Aurangabad',1,'aurangabad','1');

--
-- Table structure for table `wps_subcontent`
--

CREATE TABLE `wps_subcontent` (
  `subcontentId` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `category_id` text NOT NULL,
  `location_id` text,
  `page_heading` varchar(220) DEFAULT NULL,
  `description` text,
  `short_description` text,
  `meta_title` text,
  `meta_keyword` text,
  `meta_description` text,
  `meta_key1` varchar(160) DEFAULT NULL,
  `meta_key2` varchar(160) DEFAULT NULL,
  `meta_key3` varchar(160) DEFAULT NULL,
  `status` enum('0','1','2') NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  PRIMARY KEY (`subcontentId`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=52 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

--
-- Dumping data for table `wps_subcontent`
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INSERT INTO `wps_subcontent` VALUES (1,'1',',89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p><strong>Lorem Ipsum</strong> is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry.&nbsp;<strong>{catname}&nbsp;in {location}</strong> Lorem Ipsum has been the industry&#39;s standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.</p>','{catname} in {location}','{catname} in {location}','{catname} in {location}','{catname} in {location}','','','','1'),(2,'2','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>The Seraphic Advisors help in assisting clients in acquiring and leading the main aspect of aviation- Aircraft. There are various aspects to handle as far as aviation law is concerned in {location} and these involve financing documentation, foreign direct investment, and of course, engines. We have strong ties with the Airport Authority of India and this is one of the main reasons that we are one of the <strong>Best Aviation Law Firms in {location}.</strong></p>\n\n<h3>Top Aviation Lawyers {location}</h3>\n\n<p>Seraphic Advisors help in making submissions to the Airports Economic Regulatory Authority in India and our expertise also deals with taking approvals from various Government agencies in {location}. We have a talented team of <strong>Top Aviation Lawyers in {location}. </strong>Our well-informed lawyers possess hands-on experience in leveraging their knowledge on multiple legal issues in this sector in {location}.</p>\n\n<h3>Highly Skilled Aviation Advocates {location}</h3>\n\n<p>We have the experience and expertise needed for dealing with various legal matters related to aviation law in {location] such as aircraft manufacturing, engine manufacturing, leading companies, and multiple departments. We have some of the best <strong>Aviation Advocates {location}. </strong>One of the key aspects of supervising the consultation for tariff fixations is supervising tariff fixation in {location}.</p>','The Seraphic Advisors help in assisting clients in acquiring and leading the main aspect of aviation- Aircraft. There are various aspects to handle as far as aviation law is concerned in {location} and these involve financing documentation, foreign direct investment, and of course, engines. We have strong ties with the Airport Authority of India and this is one of the main reasons that we are one of the Best Aviation Law Firms in {location}.','Aviation Law Firm in {location}, Best Aviation Lawyers {location}, Top Aviation Advocates {location}','Aviation Law Firm in {location}, Best Aviation Lawyers {location}, Top Aviation Advocates {location}, Best Aviation Attorney in {location}','Looking for Aviation Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Aviation Lawyers {location}, Aviation Advocates in {location}, providing best legal advice related to Aviation sector in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(3,'3','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>In terms of financing and banking law, Seraphic Advisors has a special reputation due to the thorough level of understanding that we possess in {location} related to the laws that govern this sector. We are regarded as the <strong>Best Banking &amp; Finance Law Firms in {location} </strong>as our legal experts possess the ability to gauge the gravity of the problem persisting in the financial situation of the bank or the company in {location}. The top priority of our advocates is to offer reliable as well as cost-effective legal guidance to our clients in {location}.</p>\n\n<h3>Top Lawyers for Banking &amp; Finance in {location}</h3>\n\n<p>The main objective of this law firm is to bring the best advocates and lawyers together so that they can resolve the financial disputes among two existing companies or institutions in {location}. We have a team of <strong>Top Lawyers for Banking &amp; Finance {location}. </strong>Further, our guidance is cost-effective and our lawyers deploy their in-depth knowledge &amp; pragmatic strategy to guide our clients to overcome their financial hassles in {location}. Various issues that we tackle related to laws of banking and finance are-</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>Securitization Laws</li>\n	<li>Asset Finance</li>\n	<li>Insolvency</li>\n	<li>Project Finance</li>\n	<li>Real Estate Finance</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Further, due to our strong association with the Reserve Bank of India, we have proven our mettle in {location} for banking and finance services.</p>','In terms of financing and banking law, Seraphic Advisors has a special reputation due to the thorough level of understanding that we possess in {location} related to the laws that govern this sector. We are regarded as the Best Banking & Finance Law Firms in {location} as our legal experts possess the ability to gauge the gravity of the problem persisting in the financial situation of the bank or the company in {location}.','Banking and Finance Law Firm in {location}, Best Lawyers for Banking & Finance {location}','Banking and Finance Law Firm in {location}, Best Lawyers for Banking & Finance {location}, Banking Lawyers in {location}, Top Banking & Finance Advocates in {location}, Best Banking and Finance Attorney in {location}','Looking for Banking and Finance Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Lawyers for Banking & Finance  {location}, Banking Law Advocates, providing best legal advice related to Banking & Finance in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(4,'4','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>We have a strong hold over the expertise related to construction and infrastructure laws and this is the reason that we are the <strong>Best Construction &amp; Infrastructure Law Firms in {location}. </strong>The lawyers hired by Seraphic Advisors have strong expertise in offering strategic advice to several areas of infrastructure projects in {location}. The areas of our expertise include risk analysis, bankability &amp; project finance, project claims &amp; dispute resolution in {location}.</p>\n\n<p>The construction industry is a thriving sector and there isn&rsquo;t any country, city, or state, that does not require state-of-the-art construction services in {location}. So, as a result, some legal disputes and issues are bound to happen, and this is where our role comes in to help people in a hassle-free manner in {location}, to resolve such disputes.</p>\n\n<h3>Top Lawyers for Construction &amp; Infrastructure { location}</h3>\n\n<p>Our extensive range of legal services related to the construction industry has been of immense help to various professionals in {location}, who are functioning in this field. Some of these professionals are-</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>Developers</li>\n	<li>Project Sponsors</li>\n	<li>Contractors</li>\n	<li>Ban Managers</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>We have the <strong>Top Lawyers for Construction &amp; Infrastructure { location}</strong> as they have vast experience in dealing with legal hassles related to government &amp; public sector undertakings. Throughout the whole construction process, Seraphic Advisors provide well-conceptualized solutions in {location} as our litigators have been guiding people for preventing any kind of arbitration or litigation.</p>','We have a strong hold over the expertise related to construction and infrastructure laws and this is the reason that we are the Best Construction & Infrastructure Law Firms in {location}. The lawyers hired by Seraphic Advisors have strong expertise in offering strategic advice to several areas of infrastructure projects in {location}. The areas of our expertise include risk analysis, bankability & project finance, project claims & dispute resolution in {location}.','Construction & Infrastructure Law Firm in {location}, Best Lawyers for Construction & Infrastructure {location}','Construction & Infrastructure Law Firm in {location}, Best Lawyers for Construction & Infrastructure {location}, Construction & Infrastructure Advocates in {location}, Best Construction & Infrastructure Attorney in {location}','Looking for Construction & Infrastructure Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Construction &  Infrastructure Lawyers & Advocate providing legal help in construction industries in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(5,'6','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} Law in {location}','<p>Our law firm helps in imparting legal advice to the best E-Commerce companies as well as start-ups in {location}. The legal policies of Seraphic Advisors for E-commerce firms are in total compliance with the consumer laws, tax laws, regulatory framework, and data privacy compliances in {location}. We are the <strong>Best E-Commerce Law Firms in {location}.</strong></p>\n\n<h3>Top Ecommerce Lawyers {location}</h3>\n\n<p>Our main motto is to help secure the IPR assets of our clients as it results in efficient coverage and helps in solving legal disputes in {location}. The main clients of Seraphic Advisors are e-commerce marketplaces/aggregators who collectively make a ground for advising on the legal regime, and business models and drafting onboarding agreements in {location}. We have a team of <strong>Top Ecommerce Lawyers {location}. </strong>&nbsp;Further, the assistance provided by Seraphic Advisors to leading marketplaces in concern with their oppressive policies for their intellectual property in {location} has helped gain a strong customer base and reputation in the business.</p>\n\n<h3>Best Ecommerce Advocates {location}</h3>\n\n<p>The professionalism with which we deal with disputes related to intellectual property has enabled us to offer the best legal advice in {location} to individuals as well as E-commerce companies. We have a highly dedicated team of <strong>Ecommerce Avocates {location} </strong>who strive hard to comply with the legal framework while delivering their services.</p>','Our law firm helps in imparting legal advice to the best E-Commerce companies as well as start-ups in {location}. The legal policies of Seraphic Advisors for E-commerce firms are in total compliance with the consumer laws, tax laws, regulatory framework, and data privacy compliances in {location}. We are the Best E-Commerce Law Firms in {location}.','E-commerce Law Firm in {location}, Best Ecommerce Lawyers {location}, Ecommerce Advocates {location}','E-commerce Law Firm in {location}, Best Ecommerce Lawyers {location}, Ecommerce Advocates {location}, Best E commerce Attorney in {location}, Ecommerce Legal Consulatant in {location}','Looking for E-commerce Law firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best E-commerce Lawyers {location}, E-commerce Advocates in {location}, providing best legal advice related to E-commerce sector in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(6,'5','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>As we all know, the defence sector involves the military, navy, and airforce, and thus we take special care of the legal hassles that a defence personnel has to go through in {location}. We are aware of the pride and honor that is associated with being a part of the defense of our country in {location} as it is a matter of prestige that a person is willing to sacrifice his/her life for their country on the battlefield. Since we are abreast of these factors, we have emerged as the <strong>Best Defence Criminal Law Firms in {location}.</strong></p>\n\n<h3>Top Defence Lawyers {location}</h3>\n\n<p>Some of the legal services provided by us for defense personnel are dealing with offset policies, defense procurement laws, structuring of transactions, joint ventures, and liability issues, to name a few in {location}. We are the <strong>Top Defence Lawyers {location} </strong>and our O&amp;M contractors, OEM vendors, have thorough experience and deep understanding of the defense contracts in {location}. Seraphic Advisors offer total detailed review and assistance over the disputes related to the defense sector in {location}. We have the most qualified <strong>Defence Advocates {location} </strong>who have given advice to several foreign investments in the sector and due to our amazing camaraderie with the Government of India, we easily resolve disputes related to payments and quality of payments.</p>','As we all know, the defence sector involves the military, navy, and airforce, and thus we take special care of the legal hassles that a defence personnel has to go through in {location}. We are aware of the pride and honor that is associated with being a part of the defense of our country in {location} as it is a matter of prestige that a person is willing to sacrifice his/her life for their country on the battlefield. Since we are abreast of these factors, we have emerged as the Best Defence Criminal Law Firms in {location}.','Defence Law Firm in {location}, Best Criminal Defense Lawyers {location}, Top Defense Advocates {location}','Defence Law Firm in {location}, Best Criminal Defense Lawyers {location}, Top Defense Advocates {location}, Best Defense Attorney in {location}','Looking for Defence Law firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Defence Lawyers {location}, Top Defence Advocates in {location}, providing best legal advice related to criminal and defense cases in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(7,'7','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>Regarded as one of the most reputed law firms in Delhi, Seraphic Advisors have a highly professional team of environmental law attorneys that are always standing on the forefront of emerging and changing trends in {location} and they provide the most suitable legal advice that pertains to the environmental benefits. We are regarded as one of the <strong>Best Environmental Law Firms in {location}.</strong></p>\n\n<h3>Top Environment Lawyers {location}</h3>\n\n<p>Our legal advice about the field of environmental law and policy has been thoroughly instrumental in changing the landscape in {location} of disputes related to environmental matters. Having a team of <strong>Top Environmental Lawyers {location}, </strong>we can confidently state that our legal advice has worked wonders for all our clients. Further, not just legal advice, but also offer assistance in {location} related to rules and regulations, that holds strong benefits for the environment. Our amazing portfolio boasts of helping clients in disputes in {location} related to Pollution Control Board that comes under the coveted Water Act, Air Act, and Environment Protection Act.</p>\n\n<h3>Leading Environmental Advocates {location}</h3>\n\n<p>From the bottom of our hearts, our main aim is to assist with laws related to the environment and this includes grants, tax credits, and land use provide land use provisions in {location}. We have a bunch of well-trained <strong>Environmental Advocates in {location}. </strong>Our professional and state-of-the-art advice related to environmental policies helps the officials working in this sector in {location} seek requisite approvals. We help in representing clients in front of powerful authorities like the Supreme Court of India, the Central Empowerment Committee, and the National Green Tribunal, to name a few.</p>','Environment Law Firm in {location}, Best Environmental Lawyers {location}, Environmental Advocates {location}','Environment Law Firm in {location}, Best Environmental Lawyers {location}, Environmental Advocates {location}','Environment Law Firm in {location}, Best Environmental Lawyers {location}, Top Environmental Advocates {location}, Best Environmental Advocates in {location}','Looking for Environment Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Environmental Lawyers {location}, Top Environmental Advocates in {location}, providing best legal advice related to Environmental sector in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(8,'8','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>One of the most sought-after healthcare and pharmaceutical advisory firms in {location}. Seraphic Advisors has a dedicated team of lawyers who possess profound knowledge of the functioning of the healthcare industry. We are the <strong>Best Pharmaceutical &amp; Healthcare Law Firms in {location} </strong>as we are aware of the challenges and complexities of the pharmaceutical field not only this, our team has practical knowledge and experience as well.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h3>Top Healthcare Lawyers {location}</h3>\n\n<p>The contribution made by our lawyers has a reputation that can be compared to that of the influential market leaders in {location}. We have a team of <strong>Top Healthcare Lawyers {location} </strong>who possess in-depth knowledge of the intricacies related to the manufacturing of drugs, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and medical devices in {location}.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h3>Best-In-Class Pharma Advocates {location}</h3>\n\n<p>Some of the premium areas that Seraphic Advisors deal with in this sector are product approvals, and compliances concerning the manufacturing of drugs, medical devices, nutraceuticals, etc. We have highly trained <strong>Pharma Advocates {location} </strong>and they have amazing skills in dealing with disputes related to the clearance of proprietary foods under the Food Safety &amp; Standard Regulations.&nbsp;</p>','One of the most sought-after healthcare and pharmaceutical advisory firms in {location}. Seraphic Advisors has a dedicated team of lawyers who possess profound knowledge of the functioning of the healthcare industry. We are the Best Pharmaceutical & Healthcare Law Firms in {location} as we are aware of the challenges and complexities of the pharmaceutical field not only this, our team has practical knowledge and experience as well.','Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals Law Firm in {location}, Best Lawyers for Pharmaceutical & Healthcare {location}','Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals Law Firm in {location}, Best Lawyers for Pharmaceutical & Healthcare {location}, Pharmaceutical Lawyers in {location}, Healthcare Advocates {location}, Best Pharmaceutical & Healthcare Attorney in {location}','Looking for Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals Law Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Lawyers for Pharmaceutical {location}, Top Healthcare Advocates, providing legal help related to Healthcare industries in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(9,'9','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>Every novice techie or science enthusiast dreams of being a part of the booming Information Technology Sector as there is a lot of potential in {location} as far as the financial prospects are concerned. Now, we all know that, where money is abundant, there is a need for regulatory law along with law policies as well in {location}. Now, being one of the <strong>Best IT Law Firms in {location}. </strong>Seraphic Advisors provides a highly comprehensive range of services that range from offering advice on capital investments in {location} and our lawyers possess vital knowledge related to the IT Industry.</p>\n\n<h3>Top Information Technology Lawyers {location}</h3>\n\n<p>The intellectually gifted attorneys at Seraphic Advisors can quickly grasp the requirements of all types of IT Companies in {location}. Whether the client is a start-up or a well-established MNC in the IT world, our customized law solutions form a part of the core practices of the procedure that involves offering legal advice to clients in {location}. We have <strong>Top Information Technology Lawyers {location}.</strong></p>\n\n<h3>Leading IT Advocates {location}</h3>\n\n<p>There are various domains in the IT sector such as data warehousing, data protection, cyber security, coding, front-end development, and back-end development, and thus we are often inclined to hire professionals in {location}, who have exposure to the IT Field. Our leading <strong>IT Advocates {location} </strong>offer a wide variety of solutions related to technology transfer, technical assistance, and online fraud.</p>','Every novice techie or science enthusiast dreams of being a part of the booming Information Technology Sector as there is a lot of potential in {location} as far as the financial prospects are concerned. Now, we all know that, where money is abundant, there is a need for regulatory law along with law policies as well in {location}. Now, being one of the Best IT Law Firms in {location}. Seraphic Advisors provides a highly comprehensive range of services that range from offering advice on capital investments in {location} and our lawyers possess vital knowledge related to the IT Industry.','IT Law Firm in {location}, Best Information Technology Lawyers {location}, IT Advocates {location}','IT Law Firm in {location}, Best Information Technology Lawyers {location}, IT Advocates {location}, Best IT Attorney in {location}','Looking for IT Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Information Technology Lawyers {location}, Top IT Advocates in {location}, providing best legal advice related to IT Sector in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(10,'10','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>One of the most reputed law firms that deal with complex issues like insolvency is Seraphic Advisors and our assistance is provided to individuals and businesses in {location} who are experiencing financial distress. We are regarded as one of the top <strong>Insolvency Law Firms in {location} </strong>and our team of dedicated lawyers is committed to resolving these issues as insolvency and restructuring are tagged as the core aspects of the company.</p>\n\n<h3>Top Restructuring &amp; Insolvency Lawyers {location}</h3>\n\n<p>Let us first understand the meaning of these terms. Restructuring and insolvency lawyers work for clients and help them overcome financial difficulties in {location}. We have a team of dedicated <strong>Restructuring &amp; Insolvency Lawyers {location}. </strong>The process involves agreeing on a way forward with creditors for managing the repayment of the debt, without the occurrence of insolvency in {location}.</p>\n\n<h3>Leading Insolvency Advocates {location}</h3>\n\n<p>The basic strategy adopted by the advocates of Seraphic Advisors in dealing with the above-mentioned terms in {location} is closely working on the client relationship and we oversee the whole process of restructuring the debts of people involved in international and domestic markets in {location]. We have a team of leading <strong>Insolvency Advocates {location}.</strong></p>','One of the most reputed law firms that deal with complex issues like insolvency is Seraphic Advisors and our assistance is provided to individuals and businesses in {location} who are experiencing financial distress. We are regarded as one of the top Insolvency Law Firms in {location} and our team of dedicated lawyers is committed to resolving these issues as insolvency and restructuring are tagged as the core aspects of the company.','Insolvency & Restructuring Law Firm in {location}, Best Insolvency Lawyers {location}','Insolvency & Restructuring Laws Firm in {location}, Best Insolvency Lawyers {location}, Insolvency & Restructuring Advocates in {location}, Best Insolvency Attorney in {location}','Looking for Insolvency & Restructuring Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Insolvency Lawyers {location}, Top Insolvency Advocates, providing best legal help related to Insolvency disputes in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(11,'11','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>In today&rsquo;s modern age where there are a lot of uncertainties related to the lifespan of a person, insurance is a must, and since it is a field in {location} that deals with the money in lumpsum quality, the need for a properly structured framework of regulatory laws is needed. This is where Seraphic Advisors comes in as our trained advocates have immense expertise in {location} for providing risk management advice to insurance firms. We are one of the <strong>Best Insurance Law Firms in {location}.&nbsp;</strong></p>\n\n<h3>Top Insurance Lawyers {location}</h3>\n\n<p>Some of the aspects related to insurance over which our professionals offer legal advice are employment liability claims, product liability claims, fire, and water losses, and professional liability claims. We have the <strong>Top Insurance Lawyers {location}.</strong></p>\n\n<h3>Top-Notch Insurance Advocates {location}</h3>\n\n<p>Our legal policies for the insurance sector comply with the Employees State Insurance Act, of 1948, and also the Industrial Relations Code, of 2020. Seraphic Advisors have represented their clients in various insurance disputes with the help of <strong>Top-Notch Insurance Advocates {location}. </strong>A few insurance disputes include Motor Accidents Claims Tribunal and National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission and we have addressed them in {location} in High Courts and Supreme Courts of India.</p>','In today’s modern age where there are a lot of uncertainties related to the lifespan of a person, insurance is a must, and since it is a field in {location} that deals with the money in lumpsum quality, the need for a properly structured framework of regulatory laws is needed. This is where Seraphic Advisors comes in as our trained advocates have immense expertise in {location} for providing risk management advice to insurance firms. We are one of the Best Insurance Law Firms in {location}.','Insurance Law Firm in {location}, Best Insurance Lawyers {location}, Insurance Advocates {location}','Insurance Law Firm in {location}, Best Insurance Lawyers {location}, Insurance Advocates {location}, Best Insurance Attorney in {location}','Looking for Insurance Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Insurance Lawyers {location}, Top Insurance Advocates in {location}, providing best legal help related Insurance issues in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(12,'12','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>Seraphic Advisors is one of the leading intellectual property law firms that provide a wide variety of solutions to help people protect their IP interests in {location}. We have a team of highly dedicated lawyers that specialize in intellectual property law and they help in assistance of protection of IP interests in {location}. We are regarded as one of the <strong>Best Intellectual Property Law Firms in {location}. </strong>Our job in this department involves the acquisition, protection, and enforcement of Intellectual Property rights in {location}.</p>\n\n<h3>Top Lawyers &amp; Advocates for Intellectual Property in {location}</h3>\n\n<p>We are highly proficient in dealing with legal issues that pertain to various issues in the intellectual property department like ownership, copyright, patent, infringement of trademark, designs, geographical indications, and data protection in {location}. We have the <strong>Top Lawyers &amp; Advocates for Intellectual Property in {location}. </strong>Our methodologies involved in strategizing and securing intellectual property portfolios are not just restricted to companies, but we also provide support to individuals as well in {location}. Further, we also help in filing for registration of intellectual property rights that are aligned with Indian authorities in {location}. This is the reason that various artists like writers and musicians often approach us as their work is prone to the violation of IP laws in {location}.</p>','Seraphic Advisors is one of the leading intellectual property law firms that provide a wide variety of solutions to help people protect their IP interests in {location}. We have a team of highly dedicated lawyers that specialize in intellectual property law and they help in assistance of protection of IP interests in {location}.','Intellectual Property Law Firm in {location}, Best Lawyers for Intellectual Property {location}','Intellectual Property Law in {location}','Looking for Intellectual Property Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Intellectual Property Lawyers {location}, Top Intellectual Property Advocates, providing best legal advice related to Intellectual Property in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(13,'13','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} Law in {location}','<p>Our state-of-the-art labor &amp; employment law practice revolves around offering advice to international as well as domestic businesses in {location}. Seraphic Advisors is known as one of the <strong>Best Labour &amp; Employment Law Firms in {location}. </strong>Further, we are thorough professionals when it comes to granting a full range of employment issues in {location} in various sectors such as infrastructure, IT, manufacturing, real estate, retail, oil, gas, etc.</p>\n\n<h3>Top Labour Lawyers {location}</h3>\n\n<p>The areas of our expertise include the formulation of employee regulations and the working environment of the offices in {location}. We are an association that comprises <strong>Top Labour Lawyers {location}. </strong>Further, the areas of expertise deal of our labor lawyers deal with are remuneration and incentives, workplace health, safety, and employment litigation, as our well-trained employment attorneys help in formulating the feasible negotiation strategy for equitable resolution in {location}.</p>\n\n<h3>Best Labour Law Advocates {location}</h3>\n\n<p>Due to the advice that we provide to multinational corporations, our position in the market has solidified in {location}, and our area of expertise deals with matters like termination of employment, employee claims, employment bonds, handling of employee data, and payment of salaries and wages. We have a competent team of <strong>Best Labour Law Advocates {location}.</strong></p>','Our state-of-the-art labor & employment law practice revolves around offering advice to international as well as domestic businesses in {location}. Seraphic Advisors is known as one of the Best Labour & Employment Law Firms in {location}. Further, we are thorough professionals when it comes to granting a full range of employment issues in {location} in various sectors such as infrastructure, IT, manufacturing, real estate, retail, oil, gas, etc.','Labour and Employment Law Firm in {location}, Best Employment Lawyers {location}','Labour and Employment Law Firm in {location}, Best Employment Lawyers {location}, Labour Law Firm in {location}, Employment Advocates in {location}, Labour Advocates in {location}','Looking for Labour and Employment Law firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Employment Lawyers {location}, Top Employment Advocates, providing best legal help related to Labour and Employment in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(14,'14','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} Law in {location}','<p>This sector has always been offering us the most number of clients over a long period as these areas are subject to public scrutiny in {location} and are gateways to fame for several artists, actors, musicians, writers, and sportspersons. Now, being the <strong>Best Media and Entertainment Law Firm in {location}, </strong>we always have several news agencies at our helm for availing legal services and law solutions.</p>\n\n<p>Seraphic Advisors has been providing legal advice to several multinational corporates on the departments related to music licensing, assignment of copyrights, software &amp; technology licensing, and Media Rights License Agreements in {location}.</p>\n\n<h3>Top Media Lawyers {location}</h3>\n\n<p>The lawyers of our firm have also had the experience of representing multinational conglomerates in high-profile litigations in {location} and the most frequently tackled subjects are telecast rights. We are the <strong>Top Media Lawyers {location} </strong>and our dedicated tea has been actively involved in the procedures involved in the Supreme Court of India and Bombay High Court, which are related to media and entertainment in {location}. This law firm has successfully catered to disputes and disagreements related to the infringement of copyright in {location}.</p>','This sector has always been offering us the most number of clients over a long period as these areas are subject to public scrutiny in {location} and are gateways to fame for several artists, actors, musicians, writers, and sportspersons. Now, being the Best Media and Entertainment Law Firm in {location}, we always have several news agencies at our helm for availing legal services and law solutions.','Media & Entertainment Law Firm in {location}, Best Lawyers for Press Media & Entertainment {location}','Media & Entertainment Law Firm in {location}, Best Lawyers for Press Media & Entertainment {location}, Top Media & Entertainment Lawyers in {location}, Best Media & Entertainment Advocates {location}, Best Media & Entertainment Attorney in {location}','Looking for Media & Entertainment Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Press, Media & Entertainment Lawyers {location}, Media & Entertainment Advocates, providing best legal help in Media & Entertainment sector in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(15,'15','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>The wealth of hard-earned experience possessed by Seraphic Advisors in domestic and cross-border mergers and acquisitions transactions in {location}. We are regarded as one of the <strong>Best Mergers &amp; Acquisitions Law Firms in {location} </strong>as we assist clients in all aspects of the M&amp;A process.</p>\n\n<p>Various aspects are involved in the process of negotiating a deal and we keep the process transparent in {location}. Due to the diligence of our professionals, we have effectively navigated through all the roadblocks and guided our clients in {location} through multiple difficulties.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Top Mergers &amp; Acquisitions Lawyers {location}</strong></p>\n\n<p>The formulation of agreements has been the core of our organization and it has helped us create space in {location} as our expansion strategy has proven to be highly beneficial for several clients. We are known as <strong>Top Mergers &amp; Acquisitions Lawyers {location} </strong>and we have taken the M&amp;A route with multiple strategies.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<p>Several factors like corporate advice, corporate governance, corporate laws, outbound investments, takeovers, etc in {location} have made us competent enough to tackle and we have a lot of experience in helping clients mitigate outbound problems related to the M&amp;A space.</p>','The wealth of hard-earned experience possessed by Seraphic Advisors in domestic and cross-border mergers and acquisitions transactions in {location}. We are regarded as one of the Best Mergers & Acquisitions Law Firms in {location} as we assist clients in all aspects of the M&A process.','Mergers and Acquisitions Law Firm in {location}, Best Lawyers for Mergers & Acquisitions {location}','Mergers and Acquisitions Law Firm in {location}, Best Lawyers for Mergers and Acquisitions {location}, Mergers and Acquisitions Lawyers in {location}, Mergers and Acquisitions Advocates {location}','Looking for Mergers and Acquisitions Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Mergers & Acquisitions Lawyers {location}, Mergers and Acquisitions Law Advocates, providing legal help related Mergers & Acquisitions in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(16,'16','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} Law in {location}','<p>Seraphic Advisors has gained a lot of expertise and they have guided a lot of clients as far as multifarious issues persisting in the oil and natural gas industry in {location}. We are regarded as the <strong>Best Oil and Natural Gas Law Firms in Delhi. </strong>Some of the issues related to the procurement of natural gas, pipelines, distribution networks, and supply chains for obtaining liquified natural gas in {location} have often left the common man exasperated, due to the lack of solutions.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h3>Top Lawyers for Oil and Natural Gas in {location}</h3>\n\n<p>The lawyers of our firm have participated in various disputes related to the oil and natural gas sector as we have been thoroughly active in {location} in representing the leading oil and natural gas suppliers in several arbitrations, as far as the leading public sector undertakings are concerned. We have <strong>Top Lawyers for Oil and Natural Gas in {location}. </strong>The leading public sector undertakings in India witness our presence regularly and we render comprehensive assistance in matters that involve the negotiation and execution of LNG Supply Agreements, Power Purchase Contracts, and Fuel Supply Agreements.</p>','Oil & Natural Gas Firms in {location}, Best Oil and Natural Gas Lawyers {location}','Oil & Natural Gas Firms in {location}, Best Oil and Natural Gas Lawyers {location}','Oil & Natural Gas Firms in {location}, Oil and Natural Gas Lawyers {location}, Oil and Natural Gas Advocates {location}, Best Oil & Natural Gas Attorney in {location}','Looking for Oil & Natural Gas Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Oil and Natural Gas Lawyers {location}, Top Oil & Natural Gas Law Advocates in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(17,'17','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} Law in {location}','<p>At Seraphic Advisors, our experts hold expertise in several project and energy practices related to the development, construction, and financing of power as well as infrastructure projects in {location}. We provide comprehensive legal advice to clients related to matters in this arena like-</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>Conceptualization</li>\n	<li>Risk Analysis</li>\n	<li>Project Claims</li>\n	<li>Dispute Management</li>\n	<li>Dispute Resolution</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>These flawless services have helped us attain the tag of being of the <strong>Best Project and Energy Law Firms in {location}.</strong></p>\n\n<h3>Top Energy Lawyers {location}</h3>\n\n<p>Our immense accuracy and precision involved in drafting project documents, land agreements, resolution contracts, and project documents, are often in regulation with the standard government compliances in {location}. We have the <strong>Top Energy Lawyers {location} </strong>and our lawyers are well-educated enough to understand legal hassles related to the energy sector we prefer to hire people with an aptitude for science &amp; technology in {location}.</p>\n\n<h3>High-Quality Energy Advocates {location}</h3>\n\n<p>The hard-earned experience of our dignified advocates has enabled them to attain mastery in negotiating on various issues like tax, loan, insurance, and guarantee documents in {location}. With the help of our prolific and high-profile <strong>Energy Advocates {location}, </strong>we have been highly instrumental in making the lives of various people easy who are involved in the energy sector.</p>','At Seraphic Advisors, our experts hold expertise in several project and energy practices related to the development, construction, and financing of power as well as infrastructure projects in {location}.','Project & Energy Law Firm in {location}, Best Lawyers for Power & Energy {location}','Project & Energy Law Firm in {location}, Best Lawyers for Power & Energy {location}, Power and Energy Law Firm in {location}, Power & Energy Advocates in {location}, Best Project & Energy Advocates in {location}','Looking for Project & Energy Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Power & Energy Lawyers {location}, Top Power & Energy Advocates in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(18,'18',',89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>Real Estate Law Firm in {location}, Best Property Lawyers {location}, Property Advocate {location}</p>','Real Estate Law Firm in {location}, Best Property Lawyers {location}, Property Advocate {location}','Real Estate Law Firm in {location}, Best Property Lawyers {location}, Property Advocate {location}','Real Estate Law Firm in {location}, Best Property Lawyers {location}, Property Advocate {location}, Real Estate Advocate in {location}, Real Estate Lawyers in {location}','Looking for Real Estate Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Property Lawyers {location}, Top Property Advocates in {location}, providing best legal help related to Real Estate in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(19,'19','89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} Law in {location}','<p>Regulatory Practice Law Firm in {location}, Best Regulatory Lawyers {location}</p>','Regulatory Practice Law Firm in {location}, Best Regulatory Lawyers {location}','Regulatory Practice Law Firm in {location}, Best Regulatory Lawyers {location}','Regulatory Practice Law Firm in {location}, Best Regulatory Lawyers {location}, Top Regulatory Advocates in {location}, Best Regulatory Advocates in {location}, Best Regulatory Attorney in {location}','Looking for Regulatory Practice Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Regulatory Lawyers {location}, Top Regulatory Advocates in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(20,'20','89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} Law in {location}','<p>Best Retail &amp; Franchising Law Firms in {location}, Top Franchising Lawyers {location}, Franchisee Advocates {location}</p>','Best Retail & Franchising Law Firms in {location}, Top Franchising Lawyers {location}, Franchisee Advocates {location}','Best Retail & Franchising Law Firms in {location}, Top Franchising Lawyers {location}, Franchisee Advocates {location}','Best Retail & Franchising Law Firms in {location}, Top Franchising Lawyers {location}, Franchisee Advocates {location}, Franchising Attorney','Looking for Best Retail & Franchising Law Firms in {location}? visit Seraphic Advisors - Top Franchising Lawyers in {location}, Franchisee Advocates in {location}, handle all legal matters related to Retail & Franchising Sector. Call at +919810579180.','','','','1'),(21,'21','89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} Law in {location}','<p>Risk &amp; Compliance Law Firm in {location}, Best Risk and Compliance Lawyers {location}</p>','Risk & Compliance Law Firm in {location}, Best Risk and Compliance Lawyers {location}','Risk & Compliance Law Firm in {location}, Best Risk and Compliance Lawyers {location}','Risk & Compliance Law Firm in {location}, Best Risk and Compliance Lawyers {location}, Top Risk and Compliance Advocates in {location}, Best Risk and Compliance Attorney in {location}','Looking for Risk & Compliance Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Risk & Compliance Lawyers {location}, Top Risk & Compliance Advocates in {location}, providing best legal help on risk and compliance matters in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(22,'22',',89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>Taxation Law Firm in {location}, Best Tax Lawyers {location}, Taxation Advocates {location}</p>','Taxation Law Firm in {location}, Best Tax Lawyers {location}, Taxation Advocates {location}','Taxation Law Firm in {location}, Best Tax Lawyers {location}, Taxation Advocates {location}','Taxation Law Firm in {location}, Best Tax Lawyers {location}, Taxation Advocates {location}, Best Taxation Attorney in {location}','Looking for Taxation Law Law firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Tax Lawyers {location}, Top Taxation Law Advocates in {location}, providing best legal advice help related tax in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(23,'23',',89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>Telecommunication Law Firms in {location}, Best Lawyers for Telecommunication {location}</p>','Telecommunication Law Firms in {location}, Best Lawyers for Telecommunication {location}','Telecommunication Law Firms in {location}, Best Lawyers for Telecommunication {location}','Telecommunication Law Firms in {location}, Best Lawyers for Telecommunication {location}, Telecommunication Lawyers in {location}, Telecommunication Advocates in {location}, Best Telecommunication Attorney in {location}','Looking for Telecommunication Law Law firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Telecommunication Lawyers {location}, Top Telecommunication Advocates providing legal help in telecom sector in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(24,'24','89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} Law in {location}','<p>Law Firm for White Collar Crimes in {location}, Best White Collar Crimes Lawyers {location}</p>','Law Firm for White Collar Crimes in {location}, Best White Collar Crimes Lawyers {location}','Law Firm for White Collar Crimes in {location}, Best White Collar Crimes Lawyers {location}','Law Firm for White Collar Crimes in {location}, Best White Collar Crimes Lawyers {location}, White Collar Crimes Advocates in {location}, Best Attorney for white Collar Crimes in {location}','Looking for Best Law Firm for White Collar Crimes in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best White-Collar Crime Lawyers {location}, Top White-Collar Crime Advocates in {location}, providing legal help related to white collar crimes. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(25,'25','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} Law in {location}','<p>A pioneering firm in providing advice related to making advertisements pertaining to laws, Seraphic Advisors has a very dedicated team of lawyers that helps in providing legal assistance to several clients in {location} and they are related to several aspects of advertising. We are the <strong>Best Advertising &amp; Product Liability Law Firms in {location}. </strong>Being one of the best law firms in Delhi, we have assisted several clients in the initial stage of conception which involves the process of advertising and promoting the value of a brand or organization in {location}.</p>\n\n<p>The vast &amp; complex field of advertising involves a lot of precision and is a form of &ldquo; blowing the trumpet&rdquo; for the organization in {location} to promote the values, ethics, and services that they offer.</p>\n\n<h3>Top Products Liability Lawyers {location}, India</h3>\n\n<p>We assure you that the advertisements designed for our clients comply with domestic norms. Our lawyers are very aware of the fact that in {location}, advertising is a highly creative field, and we pay full attention-to-detail, to ensure that there are no subsequent legal consequences. We have the best <strong>Products Liability Lawyers {location}, India.</strong></p>\n\n<p>At Seraphic Advisors, we review the advertisements before they have been published and our intellectual team helps in suggesting modifications, deletions, and disclaimers, to satisfy the legal requirements.</p>','Advertising and Product Liability Law Firms in {location}, Best Lawyers for Product Liability {location}','Advertising and Product Liability Law Firms in {location}, Best Lawyers for Product Liability {location}','Advertising and Product Liability Law Firms in {location}, Best Lawyers for Product Liability {location}, Top Advertising and Product Liability Advocate in {location}, Best Advertising and Product Liability Attorney in {location}','Looking for Advertising and Product Liability Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Advertising and Product Liability Lawyers in {location}, Top Advertising and Product Liability Advocates {location}, providing legal help related dvertising and product liability issues. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(26,'26',',89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>Licensing Law Firm in {location}, Best Licensing Lawyers {location}, Licensing Advocates {location}</p>','Licensing Law Firm in {location}, Best Licensing Lawyers {location}, Licensing Advocates {location}','Licensing Law Firm in {location}, Best Licensing Lawyers {location}, Licensing Advocates {location}','Licensing Law Firm in {location}, Best Licensing Lawyers {location}, Licensing Advocates {location}, Best Licensing Attorney in {location}, Licensing Law in {location}','Looking for Licensing Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Licensing Lawyers {location}, Top Licensing Advocates in {location}, providing legal help related to Licensing in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(27,'27',',89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>Microfinance Law Firm in {location}, Best Microfinance Lawyers {location}, Microfinance Advocates {location}</p>','Microfinance Law Firm in {location}, Best Microfinance Lawyers {location}, Microfinance Advocates {location}','Microfinance Law Firm in {location}, Best Microfinance Lawyers {location}, Microfinance Advocates {location}','Microfinance Law Firm in {location}, Best Microfinance Lawyers {location}, Microfinance Advocates {location}, Best Microfinance Attorney in {location}','Looking for Microfinance Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Microfinance Lawyers {location}, Top Microfinance Advocates in {location}, providing best legal help related to Microfinance in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(28,'28','89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>One of the seasoned law firms that deal in legal matters related to financial services, Seraphic Advisors has a team of well-trained lawyers in {location} who can simplify the execution of complex law policies related to the financial sectors. We are known as the <strong>Best Financial Services Law Firms in {location}. </strong>Multiple financial institutions have been active in terms of availing law-related solutions for the growth of their financial institutions as well as borrowers in {location}. Various borrowers approach us for taking help to resolve their financial disputes.</p>\n\n<h3>Top Financial Services Lawyers {location}&nbsp;</h3>\n\n<p>Some of the most world-class banks, non-banking financial companies, and public and private sector companies in {location}, approach us for sorting out their legal hassles related to financial issues. We always hire <strong>Top Financial Services Lawyers {location}</strong> who possess demonstrated ability to work closely with clients and have proven exposure in dealing with subjects like dispute resolution, insolvency, and infrastructure in {location}.</p>\n\n<p>The solutions rendered by us are highly innovative and we do not try to imitate what our contemporaries are doing, but instead, we try to create a new wave of unique trends in the market in {location}. Our portfolio also boasts of representing clients in enforcement actions like Arbitral Tribunals, National Company Law Tribunals, and Recovery Tribunals in {location}.</p>','One of the seasoned law firms that deal in legal matters related to financial services, Seraphic Advisors has a team of well-trained lawyers in {location} who can simplify the execution of complex law policies related to the financial sectors. We are known as the Best Financial Services Law Firms in {location}. Multiple financial institutions have been active in terms of availing law-related solutions for the growth of their financial institutions as well as borrowers in {location}.','Financial Services Law Firm in {location}, Best Financial Services Lawyers {location}','Financial Services Law Firm in {location}, Best Financial Services Lawyers {location}, Top Financial Services Advocates in {location}, Best Financial Services Law Attorney in {location}, Financial Services Law in {location}','Looking for Financial Services Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Financial Services Lawyers {location}, Top Financial Services Advocates, providing best legal help related to Financial Services in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(29,'29','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>The team handling Fintech law is well-equipped with financial laws, technology laws, and regulatory landscape in {location} for giving proper advice to consumer-oriented fintech companies. We are regarded as one of the <strong>Best Fintech Law Firms in {location} </strong>and there is a reason behind that. The ability to provide this type of quality service at a reasonable cost has catapulted us into an enterprise in {location}.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h3>Top Fintech Lawyers {location}</h3>\n\n<p>Our main forte is proving expert opinion and advice related to legal matters to various small, medium, and large businesses in {location}. We are the <strong>Top Fintech Lawyers {location} </strong>and our fintech practice includes providing market-leading advice on various-</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>Contractual Arrangements</li>\n	<li>Outsourcing Agreements</li>\n	<li>Artificial Intelligence</li>\n	<li>Machine Learning</li>\n	<li>Software Design</li>\n	<li>Development &amp; Licencing</li>\n</ul>\n\n<h3>Highly Qualified Fintech Advocates {location}</h3>\n\n<p>Over the past few years, Fintech has turned out to be one of the growing businesses in {location}. FinTech also stands for financial technology is a catch-worthy term that refers to various tech domains in {location} We are a team of very highly qualified <strong>Fintech Advocates {location}. </strong>Usually, the objective of FinTech is to enhance the improvement and automation of traditional forms of financial platforms for businesses and consumers alike in {location}.</p>','The team handling Fintech law is well-equipped with financial laws, technology laws, and regulatory landscape in {location} for giving proper advice to consumer-oriented fintech companies. We are regarded as one of the Best Fintech Law Firms in {location} and there is a reason behind that. The ability to provide this type of quality service at a reasonable cost has catapulted us into an enterprise in {location}.','Fintech Law Firm in {location}, Best Fintech Lawyers {location}, Fintech Advocates {location}','Fintech Law Firm in {location}, Best Fintech Lawyers {location}, Fintech Advocates {location}, Fintech Attorney in {location}','Looking for Fintech Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Fintech Lawyers {location}, Top Fintech Advocates in {location}, providing best legal help related Fintech issues in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(30,'30','89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} Law in {location}','<p>Business Process Outsourcing Law Firms in {location}, Best Lawyers for BPO Sector {location}</p>','Business Process Outsourcing Law Firms in {location}, Best Lawyers for BPO Sector {location}','Business Process Outsourcing Law Firms in {location}, Best Lawyers for BPO Sector {location}','Business Process Outsourcing Law Firms in {location}, Best Lawyers for BPO {location}, Outsourcing Law Firm in {location}, Best BPO Lawyers {location}, Top Advocates for BPO Sector in {location}','Looking for Business Process Outsourcing Law firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best BPO Lawyers in {location}, Top Advocates for BPO Sector in {location}, providing best legal help for outsourcing issues in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(31,'31','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>The economical framework of the country cannot function without the effective operation of banks and finances in {location}. So, it is extremely important to have a well-structured legal system that can tackle the legal hassles and disputes in {location} that arise in the financial department of companies. We are one of the <strong>Best Project Finance Law Firms in {location}. </strong>To achieve the business and growth objectives of a financial project in any organization, it is extremely important to possess an aptitude and strong bent of analytical and financial mindset in {location}, to resolve the legal issues about this sector.</p>\n\n<h3>Top Project Finance Lawyers {location}</h3>\n\n<p>A lot of companies connect with us to attain legal advice that will benefit the companies in mitigating the risks related to financial transactions in {location} and we also help in achieving the business and growth objectives. We have a collective host of <strong>Top Project Finance Lawyers in {location}. </strong>Further, the worldwide demand arising on a global basis has helped us achieve several objectives in the sector of capital market solutions such as project bonds, government financing support, and multilateral financing support.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h3>High-Value Project Finance Advocates {location}</h3>\n\n<p>Managing finances is a very complex, risky, and draining process, and this process is vulnerable to a lot of frauds and mistakes in {location}. This is why we have hired extremely talented <strong>Project Finance Advocates {location}</strong>, who help clients resolve their financial disputes in a short period.</p>','The economical framework of the country cannot function without the effective operation of banks and finances in {location}. So, it is extremely important to have a well-structured legal system that can tackle the legal hassles and disputes in {location} that arise in the financial department of companies. We are one of the Best Project Finance Law Firms in {location}.','Project Finance Law Firm in {location}, Best Project Finance Lawyers {location}','Project Finance Law Firm in {location}, Best Project Finance Lawyers {location}, Project Finance Advocates in {location}, Best Project Finance Attorney in {location}','Looking for Project Finance Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Project Finance Lawyers {location}, Top Project Finance Law Advocates in {location}, providing best legal help in project finance sector in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(32,'32','89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} Law in {location}','<p>International Trade Law Firm in {location}, Best International Trade Lawyers {location}</p>','International Trade Law Firm in {location}, Best International Trade Lawyers {location}','International Trade Law Firm in {location}, Best International Trade Lawyers {location}','International Trade Law Firm in {location}, Best International Trade Lawyers {location}, International Trade Advocates in {location}, Best International Trade Lawyers in {location}','Looking for International Trade Law firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best International Trade Lawyers {location}, Top International Trade Advocates, providing best legal help related to WTO in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(33,'33',',89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>General Corporate Law Firm in {location}, Best General Corporate Lawyers {location}</p>','General Corporate Law Firm in {location}, Best General Corporate Lawyers {location}','General Corporate Law Firm in {location}, Best General Corporate Lawyers {location}','General Corporate Law Firm in {location}, Best General Corporate Lawyers {location}, General Corporate Advocates in {location}, Best General Corporate Attorney in {location}, General Corporate Law in {location}','Looking for General Corporate Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best General Corporate Lawyers {location}, Top General Corporate Advocates, providing best legal help on General Corporate law matters in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(34,'35',',89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} in {location}','Technology Law Firm in {location}, Best Technology Lawyers {location}, Advocates for Technology Sector {location}','Technology Law Firm in {location}, Best Technology Lawyers {location}, Advocates for Technology Sector {location}','Technology Law Firm in {location}, Best Technology Lawyers {location}, Advocates for Technology Sector {location}','Technology Law Firm in {location}, Best Technology Lawyers {location}, Advocates for Technology Sector {location}, Best Technology Law Attorney in {location}, Technology Law in {location}','Looking for Technology Law firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Technology Lawyers {location}, Top  Advocates providing best legal help in Technology Sector in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(35,'36','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>Seraphic Advisors has been at the forefront of providing high-class broadcasting services in {location}. We are the <strong>Best Broadcasting Law Firm in {location}. </strong>Our dedicated team of attorneys knows how government institutions think, work, and act, and thus we can provide comprehensive advice to clients in {location}. We try our best to adopt commercial strategies for resolving legal issues as far as broadcasting laws are concerned in {location}.</p>\n\n<p>The professionals possess in-depth knowledge related to all facets of media and broadcasting rules in {location}. Our strategic legal advice related to licensing and acquisition of different intellectual property rights in {location} related to various sectors like music, movies, etc.</p>\n\n<h3>Top Broadcasting Lawyers in {location}, India</h3>\n\n<p>Our amazing professionals offer strategic legal advice for litigation support and we follow a lot of ethics and adhere to a certain code of conduct in {location}. This is why our Anti-Counterfeit and Anti-Piracy Laws have been of immense help to the broadcasting industry and we have been thoroughly active in this sector in {location} as we realize the power and positivity of good, thought-provoking, and stimulating audio as well as visual content. We provide <strong>Top Broadcasting Lawyers in {location}, India.</strong></p>','Seraphic Advisors has been at the forefront of providing high-class broadcasting services in {location}. We are the Best Broadcasting Law Firm in {location}. Our dedicated team of attorneys knows how government institutions think, work, and act, and thus we can provide comprehensive advice to clients in {location}. We try our best to adopt commercial strategies for resolving legal issues as far as broadcasting laws are concerned in {location}.','Best Broadcasting Law Firm in {location}, Top Broadcasting Lawyers in {location}','Best Broadcasting Law Firm in {location}, Top Broadcasting Lawyers in {location}, Broadcasting Advocates {location}, Broadcasting Attorney','Looking for Best Broadcasting Law Firm in {location}? visit Seraphic Advisors - Top Broadcasting Lawyers in {location}, Broadcasting Advocates in {location}, handle all legal matters related to Broadcasting sector. Call at +919810579180.','','','','1'),(36,'37',',89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>Agriculture Law Firm in {location}, Best Agricultural Lawyers {location}, Agricultural Advocates {location}</p>','Agriculture Law Firm in {location}, Best Agricultural Lawyers {location}, Agricultural Advocates {location}','Agriculture Law Firm in {location}, Best Agricultural Lawyers {location}, Agricultural Advocates {location}','Agriculture Law Firm in {location}, Best Agricultural Lawyers {location}, Agricultural Advocates {location}, Best Agriculture Law Attorney in {location}','Looking for Agriculture Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Agricultural Lawyers {location}, Top Agricultural Advocates in {location}, providing best legal help in Agricultural sector in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(37,'38',',89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>Education Law Firm in {location}, Best Education Lawyers {location}, Education Advocates {location}</p>','Education Law Firm in {location}, Best Education Lawyers {location}, Education Advocates {location}','Education Law Firm in {location}, Best Education Lawyers {location}, Education Advocates {location}','Education Law Firm in {location}, Best Education Lawyers {location}, Education Advocates {location}, Best Education Law Attorney in {location}','Looking for Education Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Education Lawyers {location}, Top Education Advocates in {location}, providing best legal help in Education Sector in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(38,'39','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>Due to unprecedented development witnessed by the hospitality sector in the past few years in {location}, Seraphic Advisors have extended their area of expertise which now encompasses the rapidly evolving hospitality sector. We are regarded as one of the <strong>Best Hospitality Law Firms in {location}. </strong>Due to the strategically devised advice of our lawyers, we have created many success stories in the sector, which has helped various established businesses in {location} about the hospitality sector, achieve greater heights.</p>\n\n<h3>High-Grade Hospitality Lawyers {location}</h3>\n\n<p>Our clientele ranges from start-ups to established businesses that help businesses achieve greater heights and unlock their hidden potential by setting new benchmarks and milestones in {location}. We have a team of well-skilled <strong>Hospitality Lawyers {location}</strong> and we have thoroughly researched the hospitality business. This is why various clients around the world flock toward us for availing various solutions related to the law aspect in {location}.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h3>Prominent Hospitality Advocates {location}</h3>\n\n<p>Our law services related to the hospitality sector involve Franchise Agreements, Master Service Agreements, Operations, Mergers &amp; Acquisitions, development and construction, fundraisings, litigation, &amp; employment matters, intellectual property rights protections, and general corporate &amp; commercial advisory. We provide the best <strong>Hospitality Advocated {location}.&nbsp;</strong></p>','Due to unprecedented development witnessed by the hospitality sector in the past few years in {location}, Seraphic Advisors have extended their area of expertise which now encompasses the rapidly evolving hospitality sector. We are regarded as one of the Best Hospitality Law Firms in {location}.','Hospitality Law Firm in {location}, Best Hospitality Lawyers {location}, Hospitality Advocates {location}','Hospitality Law Firm in {location}, Best Hospitality Lawyers {location}, Hospitality Advocates {location}, Best Hospitality Law Attorney in {location}, Hospitality Law in {location}','Looking for Hospitality Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Hospitality Lawyers {location}, Top Hospitality Advocates in {location}, providing best legal help in Hospitality Sector in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(39,'40','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>Public Policy is one of the most vital aspects of law and Seraphic Advisors has been actively leveraging their lawyers, knowledge, and resources in {location} to support clients as far as their public policy issues are concerned. We are one of the <strong>Best Public Policy Law Firms in {location} </strong>and since we have vast experience functioning closely with the leading names in Public Policy, this is because we want to make a positive change in the government policy in {location}.</p>\n\n<h3>Top Public Policy Lawyers {location}</h3>\n\n<p>We often have a close view of all the public policies that are rolled out by the government in {location} and thus we are aware of the patterns according to which the policy keeps on altering, this allows us to be good advisors to the clients over the legal matters in {location}. We have a dedicated team of <strong>Top Public Policy Lawyers {location}.</strong></p>\n\n<h3>Leading Advocates for Public Policies {location}</h3>\n\n<p>The most fascinating aspect of our policy is that our Public Policy advocates help in advising clients in {location} in representations for the government and several authorities. Our firm is armed with leading <strong>Advocates of Public Policies {location} </strong>who are very well-versed in the concepts of political machines and the working of government institutions.</p>','Public Policy is one of the most vital aspects of law and Seraphic Advisors has been actively leveraging their lawyers, knowledge, and resources in {location} to support clients as far as their public policy issues are concerned. We are one of the Best Public Policy Law Firms in {location} and since we have vast experience functioning closely with the leading names in Public Policy, this is because we want to make a positive change in the government policy in {location}.','Public Policy Law Firm in {location}, Best Public Policy Lawyers in {location}','Public Policy Law Firm in {location}, Best Public Policy Lawyers in {location}, Best Lawyers for Public Policies in {location}, Public Policy Advocates {location}, Public Policy Attorney in {location}','Looking for Public Policy Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Public Policy Lawyers {location}, Top Public Policy Advocates in {location}, providing best legal help on Public Policy matters in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(40,'41',',89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>Manufacturing Law Firm in {location}, Best Manufacturing Lawyers {location}</p>','Manufacturing Law Firm in {location}, Best Manufacturing Lawyers {location}','Manufacturing Law Firm in {location}, Best Manufacturing Lawyers {location}','Manufacturing Law Firm in {location}, Best Manufacturing Lawyers {location}, Maufacturing Advocates in {location}, Manufacturing Attorney in {location}, Manufacturers Law in {location}','Looking for Manufacturing Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Manufacturing Lawyers {location}, Top Manufacturing Advocates in {location}, providing best legal help in Manufacturing Sector in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(41,'42',',89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>Mining &amp; Natural Resources Law Firm in {location}, Best Mining Lawyers {location}</p>','Mining & Natural Resources Law Firm in {location}, Best Mining Lawyers {location}','Mining & Natural Resources Law Firm in {location}, Best Mining Lawyers {location}','Mining and Natural Resources Law Firm in {location}, Best Mining Lawyers {location}, Natural Resources and Mining Advocates in {location}, Best Mining and Natural Resources Attorney in {location}','Looking for Mining and Natural Resources Law firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Mining Lawyers {location}, Top Mining Advocates, providing legal help in Natural Resources and Mining sector in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(42,'43','89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} Law in {location}','<p>Top Law Firm for Non Government Sector in {location}, Best Lawyers for NGO {location}</p>','Top Law Firm for Non Government Sector in {location}, Best Lawyers for NGO {location}','Top Law Firm for Non Government Sector in {location}, Best Lawyers for NGO {location}','Top Law Firm for Non Government Sector in {location}, Best NGO Lawyers {location}, Top NGO Advocates in {location}, Best  NGO Attorney in {location}','Looking for Law Firm for Non Government Sector in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Lawyers for NGO in {location}, Top NGO Advocates, providing legal help in Non Government Sector in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(43,'44','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>Seraphic Advisors helps in offering strategy-based and quality legal advice to emerging businesses to help the young entrepreneurs in {location} to pave a path for themselves. All blue-chip companies and multi-national companies in today&rsquo;s world have been startups in their initial stage in {location} and thus, it is quite evident that entrepreneurs like Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerburg, and Narayan Murthy, to name a few, have changed the world. We are regarded as the <strong>Best Law Firm for Startups in {location}.</strong></p>\n\n<h3>Top Business Startups Lawyers {location}</h3>\n\n<p>This is the best age for startups to thrive as today the room for experimentation, innovation, and out-of-the-box thinking in {location} has expanded. So, this has led to several people leaping to push their envelope and climb up the corporate ladder by establishing their businesses in {location}. We are a team of <strong>Top Business Startups Lawyers {location}</strong>.</p>\n\n<h3>High-Class Startup Advocates {location}</h3>\n\n<p>Seraphic Advisors can foresee a potential blind spot and thus by adhering to the regulatory compliances in {location} and mitigating the dynamics of legal relationships with customers as well as vendors. We have the best <strong>High-Class Startup Advocates {location} </strong>and our meticulously designed legal strategies have been at the forefront of the establishment of several startups.</p>','Seraphic Advisors helps in offering strategy-based and quality legal advice to emerging businesses to help the young entrepreneurs in {location} to pave a path for themselves. All blue-chip companies and multi-national companies in today’s world have been startups in their initial stage in {location} and thus, it is quite evident that entrepreneurs like Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerburg, and Narayan Murthy, to name a few, have changed the world. We are regarded as the Best Law Firm for Startups in {location}.','Law Firm for Startups in {location}, Best Business Startup Lawyers {location}','Law Firm for Startups in {location}, Best Business Startup Lawyers {location}, Top Advocates for Small business startups in {location}, Best Startups Attorney in {location}','Looking for Law Firm for Startups in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Business Startup Lawyers {location}, Top {Advocates for Small business startups, providing legal help in Startups in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(44,'45','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>The professionals working at Seraphic Advisors are competent enough to understand the legal challenges in the logistics business in {location}. Being one of the <strong>Best Logistics Law Firms in {location}</strong>, we are adept at understanding various complexities and intricacies involved in the logistics sector, thus our clients have given us the eligibility to offer strategic legal advice to clients for supporting their business in {location}. In our wide area of services, we provide strategic counseling for covering all areas of the logistics sector to support the business.</p>\n\n<h3>Top Logistics Lawyers {location}</h3>\n\n<p>In the extensive domain of logistics, we offer legal, business, and regulatory advice to Indians as well as private sector companies based abroad in {location}. We have a team of <strong>Top Logistics Lawyers {location} </strong>&nbsp;who are very well-versed in their craft of providing legal solutions on the laws and policies related to the transport sector in {location}.</p>\n\n<h3>Reputable Custom and Logistics Advocates {location}</h3>\n\n<p>The logistics sector has a deep connection with the transport sector and our services are also applicable to the laws and policies that are related to the transport sector in {location}. We are a very well-renowned <strong>Custom and Logistics Advocates {locaton}. </strong>Seraphic Advisors have been active in providing legal solutions on various matters like Service Agreements, contracts, Intellectual Property, Taxation, and Statutory Compliances in {location}.</p>','The professionals working at Seraphic Advisors are competent enough to understand the legal challenges in the logistics business in {location}. Being one of the Best Logistics Law Firms in {location}, we are adept at understanding various complexities and intricacies involved in the logistics sector, thus our clients have given us the eligibility to offer strategic legal advice to clients for supporting their business in {location}.','Logistics Law Firm in {location}, Best Logistics Lawyers {location}, Logistics Advocates {location}','Logistics Law Firm in {location}, Best Logistics Lawyers {location}, Logistics Advocates {location}, Best Logistics Attorney in {location}','Looking for Logistics Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Logistics Lawyers {location}, Top Logistics Advocates in {location}, providing best legal help in custom and logistics sector in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(45,'46','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>Seraphic Advisors cater to various legal issues that are encompassed in the field of capital markets and securities in {location}. Our highly professional team handles legal issues about the capital markets like-</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>Public Offerings</li>\n	<li>QIPs</li>\n	<li>Rights Issues</li>\n	<li>Acquisitions</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Further, the capital market and securities law department includes takeover regulations, foreign currency, and rupee-denominated offshore bonds and private placement of bonds in {location}. Various statutory and regulatory compliances are needed to be adhered to while operating in {location} in the domain of advisory work for securities market intermediaries. We are regarded as the <strong>Best Capital Market &amp; Securities Law Firm in {location}.</strong></p>\n\n<h3>Top Lawyers for Capital Market Securities {location}</h3>\n\n<p>Our key forte or niche areas involve providing advisory services to listed companies and our registrations are in compliance with the Securities and Exchange Board of India ( SEBI). We have the <strong>Top Lawyers for Capital Market Securities {location}. </strong>Further, we also help assist clients to tackle the complaints made against them in the domain of capital market securities in {location}.</p>\n\n<p>We provide law consultation services for leading domestic and international brands as we possess an in-depth understanding of the in-depth domestic market laws in {location} and we use them for helping clients in navigating their disputes and issues.</p>','Capital Market and Securities Law Firm in {location}, Best Lawyers for Capital Market Securities {location}','Capital Market and Securities Law Firm in {location}, Best Lawyers for Capital Market Securities {location}','Capital Market and Securities Law Firm in {location}, Best Lawyers for Capital Market Securities {location}, Capital Market and Securities Advocates in {location}, Best Capital Market and Securities Attorney in {location}','Looking for Capital Market and Securities Law firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Securities Lawyers & Advocates {location}, providing legal help in Capital Market and Securities sector in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(46,'47',',89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>Joint Venture Law Firm in {location}, Best Joint Venture Lawyers {location}, Joint Venture Advocates {location}</p>','Joint Venture Law Firm in {location}, Best Joint Venture Lawyers {location}, Joint Venture Advocates {location}','Joint Venture Law Firm in {location}, Best Joint Venture Lawyers {location}, Joint Venture Advocates {location}','Joint Venture Law Firm in {location}, Best Joint Venture Lawyers {location}, Joint Venture Advocates {location}, Joint Venture Attorney in {location}','Looking for Joint Venture Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Joint Venture Lawyers {location}, Top Joint Venture Advocates in {location}, providing legal help in Joint Venture sector in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(47,'48','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>Venture capital clients and early-stage financers have always approached Seraphic Advisors in getting help to navigate through the roadblocks of the vast domain of private equity in {location}. The main objective of our organization is to leverage our law services to help venture capitalists and investee companies develop an understanding of {location}. We are known as one of the <strong>Best Private Equity Law Firms in {location}. </strong>The professionalism that we display while determining the investment criteria acts as the benchmark for providing legal assistance in {location}, to help people in evaluating &amp; negotiating equity transactions.</p>\n\n<h3>Top Private Equity Lawyers {location}</h3>\n\n<p>Our services include covering various private equity-like leveraged buyouts, venture capital, and fund distribution in {location}. Our expert advice on SEBI regulations, capital gains, and tax issues has helped a lot of people in the domain of private equity lawyers. We have a team of <strong>Top Private Equity Lawyers {location}.&nbsp;</strong></p>\n\n<h3>Best Advocates For Private Equity {location}</h3>\n\n<p>The experience held by our advocates in the drafting process of memorandums of developing an understanding of venture capitalists and investee companies in {location}. We have a team of <strong>Best Advocates for Private Equity {location}.&nbsp;</strong></p>','Venture capital clients and early-stage financers have always approached Seraphic Advisors in getting help to navigate through the roadblocks of the vast domain of private equity in {location}. The main objective of our organization is to leverage our law services to help venture capitalists and investee companies develop an understanding of {location}. We are known as one of the Best Private Equity Law Firms in {location}.','Private Equity Law Firm in {location}, Best Private Equity Lawyers in {location}, Private Equity Advocates {location}','Private Equity Law Firm in {location}, Best Private Equity Lawyers in {location}, Private Equity Advocates {location}, Best Private Equity Attorney in {location}','Looking for Private Equity Law firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Private Equity Lawyers {location}, Top Private Equity Advocates in {location}, providing legal help in Private Equity sector in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(48,'49',',89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p>Enforcement Law Firm in {location}, Best Enforcement Lawyers {location}, Enforcement Advocates {location}</p>','Enforcement Law Firm in {location}, Best Enforcement Lawyers {location}, Enforcement Advocates {location}','Enforcement Law Firm in {location}, Best Enforcement Lawyers {location}, Enforcement Advocates {location}','Enforcement Law Firm in {location}, Best Enforcement Lawyers {location}, Enforcement Advocates {location}, Best Enforcement Law Attorney in {location}','Looking for Enforcement Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Enforcement Lawyers {location}, Top Enforcement Advocates in {location}, providing legal help related to Enforcement Law in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(49,'50','89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p><span style=\"color:rgb(38, 50, 56); font-family:roboto,sans-serif\">Competition Law Firm in {location}, Best Competition Lawyers in {location}</span></p>','Competition Law Firm in {location}, Best Competition Lawyers in {location}','Competition Law Firm in {location}, Best Competition Lawyers in {location}','Best Competition Law Firms in {locatiion}, Top Competition Lawyers {location}, Competition Law Advocates {location}, Competition Law Attorney in {location}','Looking for  Competition Law Firm in  {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors -  Best  Competition Lawyers {location}, Top Competition Advocates in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(50,'34','89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99','{catname} Law in {location}','<p>In the field of private client practice, the promotion of business is extremely important and this service is mostly availed in entrepreneurs and individuals having a high net worth in {location} for managing the assets and for succession planning. We are regarded as one of the <strong>Best Private Client Law Firms in {location}. </strong>Since we are known among the leading private client law firms that help in assisting clients in the creation of tax-efficient structures which helps in accomplishing the financial as well as legal in {location}. Mostly the role of law comes in place while creating tax-efficient goals for helping people achieve their philanthropy goals.</p>\n\n<h3>Top Private Client Lawyers {location}</h3>\n\n<p>To manage the assets and accomplish succession planning, Seraphic Advisors help business owners and private companies in understanding the dynamics of laws in {locaton} related to strong expertise in structuring and establishing agreements on financial disputes in families. We provide <strong>Top Private Client Lawyers {location}</strong> and our services include-</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>Establishing trusts;</li>\n	<li>Preparation of family governance structures;</li>\n	<li>Preparing Wills &amp; Codicils;</li>\n	<li>Imparting Advice on Family Settlements &amp; Partitions;</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>But, our main highlight as a reputed law firm is that we help people in representing themselves before Trial Courts and High Courts in {location} in front of the Supreme Court of India in family disputes.</p>','In the field of private client practice, the promotion of business is extremely important and this service is mostly availed in entrepreneurs and individuals having a high net worth in {location} for managing the assets and for succession planning. We are regarded as one of the Best Private Client Law Firms in {location}. Since we are known among the leading private client law firms that help in assisting clients in the creation of tax-efficient structures which helps in accomplishing the financial as well as legal in {location}.','Private Client Law Firm in {location}, Best Private Client Lawyers {location}','Best Private Client Law Firm in  {location}, Top Private Client Lawyers  {location}, Advocates for Private Client Practice in {location}, Private Client Attorney in {location}','Looking for  Private Client Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors -  Best Private Client Lawyers {location}, Top Advocates for Private Client Practice in {location}. Call at +919810579180','','','','1'),(51,'51',',89,106,128,126,104,129,87,113,90,109,86,103,125,100,115,114,107,88,97,108,94,116,111,118,91,120,95,101,85,96,102,105,122,117,124,93,112,121,123,127,92,98,119,110,99','{catname} in {location}','<p><span style=\"color:rgb(38, 50, 56); font-family:roboto,sans-serif\">Sports Law Firm in {location},&nbsp;Best&nbsp;Sports Lawyers {location}, Top Sports Advocates {location}</span></p>','Sports Law Firm in {location}, Best Sports Lawyers {location}, Top Sports Advocates {location}','Sports Law Firm in {location}, Best Sports Lawyers {location}, Top Sports Advocates {location}','Sports Law Firm in {location}, Best Sports Lawyers {location}, Sports Advocates {location}, Best Sports Law Attorney in {location}','Looking for  Sports Law Firm in {location}? contact Seraphic Advisors - Best Sports Lawyers {location}, Top Sports Advocates in {location}, providing legal help in Sports sector in {location}.','','','','1');

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INSERT INTO `wps_subloccontent` VALUES (0,'89,106,128,126,104,129,161,172,87,180,163,160,113,90,168,109,86,103,156,125,155,100,115,114,107,177,88,97,176,157,108,94,116,178,111,118,91,120,95,101,182,179,175,85,96,102,105,171,122,174,117,169,124,93,112,181,121,167,123,127,162,173,159,92,164,170,98,119,165,166,158,154,110,99',NULL,'<p><strong>Seraphic Advisors</strong>&nbsp;is a multi-disciplinary corporate law firm in India providing innovative legal solutions for domestic and multi-jurisdictional transactions and disputes. Being one of the&nbsp;<strong>best law firms in {location}</strong>, we provide unparalleled legal support to our clients. The unmatched experience of our <strong>top commercial lawyers and advocates in {location}, India</strong> is distinguished and recognised amongst peers.&nbsp;</p>\n\n<h2>What We Do</h2>\n\n<p>We are at the forefront in offering business-driven legal advice to our clients across geographies. The rich experience of our attorneys enables them to handle diverse legal issues. Our areas of expertise include:</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>Construction &amp; Infrastructure</li>\n	<li>Technology, Media and Telecom (TMT)</li>\n	<li>Intellectual Property</li>\n	<li>Insolvency &amp; Restructuring</li>\n	<li>Arbitration &amp; Mediation</li>\n	<li>Litigation, Policy &amp; Regulatory</li>\n	<li>Advertising</li>\n	<li>Mergers &amp; Acquisitions</li>\n	<li>Labour &amp; Employment</li>\n	<li>Exchange control &amp; foreign investments</li>\n	<li>Private Equity</li>\n	<li>Project Financing</li>\n	<li>Contract Management in varied sectors such as airports, roads, metro rail and urban transport, healthcare and pharmaceuticals, e-commerce, real estate, media, telecommunications, information technology, ports, power, insurance, banking, aviation and mining.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<h2>Our Strength</h2>\n\n<p>We are one of the most trusted law firms in India.</p>\n\n<ul>\n	<li>Specialised Experience: Our attorneys are well versed in their area of specialisation and provide well thought out advice on novel issues.</li>\n	<li>Cost-effective: We are cost-effective since we aim to make legal services an enabling tool for smooth business operations.&nbsp;</li>\n	<li>Spectrum of Clients: The Firm takes pride in its wide range of clients from government and private sector globally.&nbsp;</li>\n	<li>Handling Complex Transactions: We have top lawyers in {location} who have domain expertise and proven success in complex matters.</li>\n</ul>','Seraphic Advisors is a multi-disciplinary corporate law firm in India providing innovative legal solutions for domestic and multi-jurisdictional transactions and disputes. Being one of the best law firms in {location}, we provide unparalleled legal support to our clients.','Best Law Firms in {location}, Top Lawyers and Advocates in {location}','Best Law Firms in {location}, Top Lawyers and Advocates in {location}, Best Lawyers in {location}, Top Lawyers in {location}, Best Attorney in {location}, legal services in {location}','Looking for top Lawyers and Advocates in {location}? Seraphic Advisors is one of the Best Law Firms in {location}, providing legal services to their clients at affordable fee. Call at +91-9810579180','','','','1');

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-- Dumping data for table `wps_testimonial`
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-- Table structure for table `wps_version_control`
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-- Table structure for table `wps_wishlists`
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-- Dumping data for table `wps_wishlists`
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